微乳液和混合表面活性剂对甲苯的增溶作用

以Tween系列非离子型表面活性剂及助表面活性剂组成的混合表面活性剂溶液作为增溶试剂,增溶吸收难溶有机物甲苯。结果表明,当表面活性剂浓度大于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时增溶效果显著,甲苯的表观溶解度与表面活性剂浓度呈线性关系,且随着表面活性剂浓度的增加而增大,增溶曲线在CMC处出现折点;微乳液较单一表面活性剂溶液对挥发性有机物甲苯的增溶能力更强,增溶比更大;添加助表面活性剂可以不同程度的提高表面活性剂溶液的增溶能力,其规律为:正丁胺正丁醇正丁酸;温度对微乳液及混合表面活性剂溶液的增溶作用有很大的影响,且低温条件更有利于增溶吸收挥发性有机物甲苯。非离子型微乳液是一种良好的增效试剂,在挥发性有机废气污染治理中具有较好的应用前景。     

Preparation and characterization of a lipoid adsorption material and its atrazine removal performance

A novel adsorbent named lipoid adsorption material (LAM), with a hydrophobic nucleolus (triolein) and a hydrophilic membrane structure (polyamide), was synthesized to remove hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) from solution. Triolein, a type of lipoid, was entrapped by the polyamide membrane through an interfacial polymerization reaction. The method of preparation and the structure of the LAM were investigated and subsequent experiments were conducted to determine the characteristics of atrazine (a type of HOC) removal from wastewater using LAM as the adsorbent. The results showed that LAM had a regular structure compared with the prepolymer, where compact particles were linked with each other and openings were present in the structure of the LAM in which the fat drops formed from triolein were entrapped. In contrast to the atrazine adsorption behavior of powdered activated carbon (PAC), LAM showed a persistent adsorption capacity for atrazine when initial concentrations of 0.57, 1.12, 8.31 and 19.01 mg/L were present, and the equilibrium time was 12 hr. Using an 8 mg/L initial concentration of atrazine as an indicator of HOCs in aqueous solution, experiments on the adsorption capacity of the LAM showed 69.3% removal within 6–12 hr contact time, which was close to the 75.5% removal of atrazine by PAC. Results indicated that LAM has two atrazine removal mechanisms, namely the bioaccumulation of atrazine by the nucleous material and physical adsorption to the LAM membrane. Bioaccumulation was the main removal mechanism.     

Evaluation and impact factors of indoor and outdoor gas-phase nitrous acid under different environmental conditions

As an important indoor pollutant, nitrous acid (HONO) can contribute to the concentration of indoor OH radicals by photolysis via sunlight penetrating into indoor environments, thus affecting the indoor oxidizing capability. In order to investigate the concentration of indoor HONO and its impact factors, three different indoor environments and two different locations in urban and suburban areas were selected to monitor indoor and outdoor pollutants simultaneously, including HONO, NO, NO₂, nitrogen oxides (NO_x), O₃, and particle mass concentration. In general, the concentration of indoor HONO was higher than that outdoors. In the urban area, indoor HONO with high average concentration (7.10 ppbV) was well-correlated with the temperature. In the suburban area, the concentration of indoor HONO was only about 1-2 ppbV, and had a good correlation with indoor relative humidity. It was mainly attributed to the heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ on indoor surfaces. The sunlight penetrating into indoor environments from outside had a great influence on the concentration of indoor HONO, leading to a concentration of indoor HONO close to that outdoors.     

关于总磷和总氮的前处理方法摸索的试验

总磷、总氮是地表水质分析两项必测项目,它们的前处理方法各异,但是消化的原理却是相同,都是将有机磷、各种形式的磷酸盐转化成正磷酸盐;将有机氮、无机氮转化成硝酸盐氮,只是消化时加热方式、消化试剂的配制方法有些差异。本文通过比较大量的摸索试验和正交实验得出：8%碱性过硫酸钾在124℃1.3kg/cm2高压锅内消解35min的实验条件最佳。可将一份总磷、总氮水样在一支50ml比色管中一次完成前处理,并且加标回收率分别达到总磷92.8~98.8%、总氮89.0~94.4%,相对偏差可达到小于10%,可以满足分析方法准确度和精密度的要求。     

Highly efficient and selective removal of low-concentration antibiotics from aqueous solution by regenerable Mg(OH)2

The prevalent presence of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in aquatic environments has attracted considerable attention because of their harmful effects on humans and the ecological environment. Magnesium hydroxide nanocrystals were found to act as a simple and effective adsorbent to remove low-concentration ciprofloxacin (CIP) in aqueous solution. The as-prepared Mg(OH)₂ nanocrystals exhibited excellent CIP adsorption performance and high selectivity toward CIP molecules compared with other antibiotics or aromatics, e.g., norfloxacin (NOR) and eosin B (EB). The adsorbent showed pH-dependent adsorption, indicating that the adsorption process is probably dominated by an electrostatic interaction mechanism. In addition, structural analysis of the adsorbent indicated that coordination and hydrogen bonding between CIP and Mg(OH)₂ nanocrystal might also be involved in the adsorption process. Moreover, the adsorbent could be easily recovered by pyrolysis and hydration without significant reduction of adsorption capacity. The superior adsorption behavior of Mg(OH)₂ nanocrystal indicates that it may serve as a potential adsorbent material candidate for the selective removal of CIP from aquatic environments.     

醋酸纤维素包埋非水溶性介体催化强化生物反硝化特性

利用醋酸纤维素包埋法固定非水溶性醌类介体,研究其催化强化Paracoccus versutus菌株GW1的反硝化作用。结果表明,醌浓度在26.7 mmol/L时,固定化蒽醌(AQ)、1-氯蒽醌(1-AQ)、2-氯蒽醌(2-AQ)、1,5-二氯蒽醌(1,5-AQ)、1,8-二氯蒽醌(1,8-AQ)和1,4,5,8-四氯蒽醌(1,4,5,8-AQ)催化反硝化效率依次为:1,5-AQ1,8-AQ1,4,5,8-AQAQ1-AQ空白对照2-AQ。反应10 h时,1,5-AQ可使硝酸盐去除率比空白对照提高1.84倍;硝酸盐氮反硝化动力学拟合为零级反应,其速率常数Kx随1,5-AQ浓度的增加均呈线性增加(Kx=0.1885C1,5-AQ+8.378);水中溶解氧会降低GW1菌反硝化的效果;投加1,5-AQ的反硝化体系中亚硝酸盐积累的最大值比不投加介体的低48.3%;醋酸纤维素介体小球经过4次的重复利用,催化效果始终是空白对照的1.5倍以上。醋酸纤维素固定化非水溶性醌可以有效加速生物反硝化,表明其是一种较优的醌固定化方法,具有良好的应用价值。     

青岛市PM2.5化学组分特征及综合来源解析

为明确青岛市环境受体中PM_(2.5)的化学组分特征及来源,该研究于2016年在青岛市7个点位采集了PM_(2.5)样品,分析了PM_(2.5)中的无机元素、水溶性离子、碳等组分的质量浓度,采用CMB模型估算法,估算了青岛市的一次源类、二次源类对PM_(2.5)的贡献,并结合排放源清单及系数分配得到综合的PM_(2.5)源解析结果。结果表明:青岛市环境受体中PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为62μg/m~3。PM_(2.5)中占比较高的组分是OC(16.44%)、SO_4~(2-)(15.07%)、NO_3~-(11.27%)、NH_4~+(8.86%)和EC(5.21%)。OC/EC的年平均值为3.62,说明存在二次有机气溶胶污染;SO2-4/NO-3的年平均值为2.71,夏季明显高于其他季节。冬季重污染过程中主要离子呈现出累积的现象。夏季二次硫酸盐的贡献上升为第一位(24.7%);机动车尘四季的贡献均较高(17.5%~20.5%),燃煤在冬季(15.1%)、秋季(13.3%)贡献高,扬尘在春季(16.5%)、冬季(15.6%)贡献高。     

活性炭悬浮填料在MBBR中的对比实验

填料的结构,材质等因素影响到生物膜的性状和水力学特性,是决定移动床生物膜反应器处理效果的关键因素。本文分别选取了5种含活性炭比例不同的填料以及一种不含活性炭的参照填料,分别从亲水性、COD与NH4+-N的去除、微生物量以及微生物种类方面对各填料在相同的运行条件下进行了比较研究。实验结果表明,含活性炭的填料在亲水性能、挂膜速度,生物量浓度等方面比不含有活性炭的填料有明显的优势。在含活性炭的填料中,25%的填料挂膜快,处理效果稳定,受外界环境影响较小。     

青岛冬季霾-沙尘重污染过程PM1理化特征及来源分析

对2018年11月21日~12月2日期间青岛市大气PM₁的质量浓度、化学组分和数浓度进行连续观测,结合国控站点监测数据和气象条件,分析青岛市秋末冬初一次典型霾-沙尘重污染过程的特征及污染物来源.结果表明：本次污染过程可分为霾前（11月21~23日）、霾期（11月24~25日）、霾-沙尘叠加期（11月26日）、沙尘期（11月27~29日）、沙尘后（11月30日~12月2日）5个发展阶段,观测期间PM₁质量浓度为（40±20）μg/m³,霾期PM₁为沙尘期的2.03倍.冷锋锋前以人为污染物气团为主,锋后以冷干沙尘气团为主,并在长距离传输中保持干燥,受沙尘传输过程中经过区域的影响较小,导致沙尘阶段PM_2.5和PM₁₀错峰12h出现.霾期PM₁中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-质量浓度比霾前分别升高73%、111%,SOR、NOR分别升高28%、67%,表明霾期NO₃^-的二次转化明显升高.PM₁中NH₄⁺主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃形式存在,为富氨条件.本次沙尘事件气团传输过程中途经山西、河北、山东西北部等污染物高强度排放区域,前锋到达青岛时,携带的人为污染物占主导,导致沙尘期PM₁中OC、EC占比为霾期的1.73、1.53倍.霾期SOC/OC值为0.43,略低于沙尘期,表明霾期SOC生成受到抑制.     

菌株Rhodococcus sp.Chr-9和Exiguobacterium sp.Chr-43的除铬(VI)特性

为了解环境因素对生物除铬(VI)的影响,并为铬(VI)污染环境的生物强化治理提供高效菌株,采用选择培养的方法从制革废水污泥样品中分离到2株革兰氏阳性铬(VI)去除菌——Rhodococcus sp.Chr-9和Exiguobacterium sp.Chr-43.菌株Chr-9和Chr-43在25~40℃内均能够较好生长,并高效去除铬(VI),菌株Chr-9和Chr-43的最适生长pH均为7.0~9.0,菌株在pH 7.0的培养基中去除铬(VI)的效率最高.加入0.2~0.5 mol/L的NO3-、SO42-和Cl-能够促进Chr-9和Chr-43的生长以及去除铬(VI)的效率.在含铬(VI)培养基中同时接种Chr-9和Chr-43时,Chr-9促进菌株Chr-43的生长,并提高菌株去除铬(VI)的效率.研究表明,pH、温度、阴离子和环境中的其它生物对铬(VI)的去除有明显影响.