1999年11月29日辽宁省海城-岫岩5.6级地震震害统计和损失评估

在海城－岫岩５．６级地震中,震中区遭受到７度地震破坏,同时震区又遭受多次强余震,总直接经济损失８４８８．８万元,１６２９户房屋发生严重研究,５７３４人无家可归,由于震前进行了成功的预报,无人员伤亡发生。本次地震震区为农村,其中农村砖房大多数为基本完好和轻微破坏,而大量的石砌房屋则破坏较生,在重建家园中应采取必要的抗震措施。     

珠江三角洲耕地资源变化区域差异及对策

本文从耕地资源数量和质量分析珠江三角洲１９９０～１９９７年耕地资源变化及其区域差异：以珠江口、伶仃洋为中心,由内向外耕地减少速率逐渐下降、耕地质量逐渐提高。指出珠江三角洲耕地减少的主要原因是农业用地内部调整和非农建设占用,最后,针对各市不同情况提出对策和措施。     

Management of groundwater in farmed pond area using risk-based regulation

Blackfoot disease (BFD) had occurred seriously in the Yichu, Hsuehchia, Putai, and Peimen townships of Chia-Nan District of Taiwan in the early days. These four townships are the districts of fishpond cultivation domestically in Taiwan. Groundwater becomes the main water supply because of short income in surface water. The problems of over pumping in groundwater may not only result in land subsidence and seawater intrusion but also be harmful to the health of human giving rise to the bioaccumulation via food chain in groundwater with arsenic (As). This research uses sequential indicator simulation (SIS) to characterize the spatial arsenic distribution in groundwater in the four townships. Risk assessment is applied to explore the dilution ratio (DR) of groundwater utilization, which is defined as the ratio showing the volume of groundwater utilization compared to pond water, for fish farming in the range of target cancer risk (TR) especially on the magnitude of 10^?4～10^?6. Our study results reveal that the 50th percentile of groundwater DRs served as a regulation standard can be used to perform fish farm groundwater management for a TR of 10^?6. For a TR of 5?×?10^?6, we suggest using the 75th percentile of DR for groundwater management. For a TR of 10^?5, we suggest using the 95th percentile of the DR standard for performing groundwater management in fish farm areas. For the TR of exceeding 5?×?10^?5, we do not suggest establishing groundwater management standards under these risk standards. Based on the research results, we suggest that establishing a TR at 10^?5 and using the 95th percentile of DR are best for groundwater management in fish farm areas.     

A study on the effects of lead, cadmium and phosphorus on the lead and cadmium uptake efficacy of Viola baoshanensis inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The effect of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) uptake by the hyperaccumulator plant Viola baoshanensis was studied in greenhouse pot experiments. Seedlings of V. baoshanensis inoculated without or with indigenous AM fungi were grown in paddy soil with the addition of Pb at 0, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg kg(-1), or of Cd at 0, 50,100, 200 mg kg(-1), or in mine soil with the addition of phosphorus at 0, 50, 250, 500 mg kg(-1). AM colonization increased shoot biomass at low phosphorus levels, and this beneficial effect was diminished or reversed by high phosphorus availability. AM colonization decreased shoot Cd concentrations regardless of the availability of Cd and phosphorus, but the mechanisms involved varied with Cd availability. At low Cd bioavailability, reduced Cd uptake was due to decreased Cd translocation from the roots to the shoots, whereas that was attributed to reduced root uptake at high Cd bioavailability. In contrast, the effect of AM colonization on shoot Pb varied with the availability of phosphorous and Pb. Our results show that the interactions between V. baoshanensis and indigenous AM fungi were modified by the availability of Pb, Cd and phosphorus.     

Stabilize lead and cadmium in contaminated soils using hydroxyapatite and potassium chloride

Combination of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and potassium chloride (KCl) was used to stabilize lead and cadmium in contaminated mining soils. Pot experiments of chilli (Capsicum annuum) and rape (Brassica rapachinensis) were used to evaluate the stabilization efficiency. The results were the following: (1) the optimal combination decreased the leachable lead by 83.3 and 97.27 %, and decreased leachable cadmium by 57.82 and 35.96% for soil HF1 and soil HF2, respectively; (2) the total lead and cadmium concentrations in both plants decreased 69 and 44 %, respectively; (3) The total lead and cadmium concentrations in the edible parts of both vegetables also decreased significantly. This study reflected that potassium chloride can improve the stabilization efficiency of hydroxyapatite, and the combination of hydroxyapatite and potassium chloride can be effectively used to remediate lead and cadmium contaminated mining soil.     

The Impact of Typhoon Morakot on Heavy Metals of Dapeng Bay and Pollution from Neighboring Rivers

This study demonstrates that prior to Typhoon Morakot, the index of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, and Cr was above moderate pollution levels in Dapeng Bay and the three neighboring rivers. During January 2007, the content of Zn metal in Dapeng Bay and Tungkang River was also above moderate pollution levels, while after the Typhoon Morakot event, all metals were at levels below the criteria for low pollution. This work has demonstrated that the samples collected from Dapeng Bay and the three neighboring river systems displayed individual crowd–distribution phenomena, indicating variability between the heavy metal content of sediments collected from Dapeng Bay and the three neighboring rivers. Understanding the spatial and temporal variability of heavy metal pollutants in the sediments of Dapeng Bay, along with pollution sources from three neighboring rivers, provides useful information in the fields of disaster management, habitat recovery, operative management, as well as ecotourism specification.     

汶川8.0级地震都江堰市天然气系统震害分析及救灾过程

四川都江堰市地处龙门山主山前边界大断裂上,在汶川8.0级地震烈度分布图中属于Ⅸ度区,是地震受灾最严重的城市之一。作为城市生命线的天然气供应链在本次地震中遭遇了一定的破坏。通过对都江堰市天然气系统的基本构成、震害情况以及应急救灾过程等的调查与整理,对都江堰燃气系统中门站、CNG加气站、中压配气管网及低压配气支管各组成部分在地震中的震害情况进行了分析,对震后的应急处置措施、供气恢复策略及灾后重建工作进行了综述,总结了汶川地震中都江堰天然气系统的应灾经验及救灾环节中的不足之处,并就如何提高燃气系统的抗震应灾能力提出建议。     

化学溶蚀及冻融循环作用下砂岩的力学特性研究∗

选取云南的砂岩作为试验岩样,研究砂岩经过化学溶蚀及冻融循环作用下的力学特性。通过对砂岩在3种水化环境(PH=3的HCl溶液、PH=7的水溶液、PH=12的NaOH溶液)作用后分别进行循环冻融试验,并在不同冻融循环温度 (-20 ℃、-30 ℃、-40 ℃、-50 ℃)作用下对试样进行单轴压缩试验和三点弯曲试验。结果表明：砂岩经过化学溶蚀和冻融循环作用下的劣化损伤模式主要受冻融循环温度及不同水溶液影响,在不同的水溶液中,单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、应力峰值和断裂韧度均随着冻融循环温度的降低而逐渐降低;HCl溶液浸泡后的砂岩损伤变量最大,而在对砂岩有修补作用的NaOH溶液中出现了负损伤的变化。     

Groundwater pollution source apportionment using principal component analysis in a multiple land-use area in southwestern China

Identification of different pollution sources in groundwater is challenging, especially in areas with diverse land uses and receiving multiple inputs. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) was combined with geographic information system (GIS) to explore the spatial and temporal variation of groundwater quality and to identify the sources of pollution and main factors governing the quality of groundwater in a multiple land-use area in southwestern China. Groundwater samples collected from 26 wells in 2012 and 38 wells in 2018 were analyzed for 13 water quality parameters. The PCA results showed that the hydro-geochemical process was the predominant factor determining groundwater quality, followed by agricultural activities, domestic sewage discharges, and industrial sewage discharges. Agriculture expansion from 2012 to 2018 resulted in increased apportionment of agricultural pollution. In contrast, economic restructure and infrastructure improvement reduced the contributions of domestic sewage and industrial pollution. Anthropogenic activities were found the major causes of elevated nitrogen concentrations (NO₃^?, NO₂^?, NH₄⁺) in groundwater, highlighting the necessity of controlling N sources through effective fertilizer managements in agricultural areas and reducing sewage discharges in urban areas. The applications of GIS and PCA successfully identified the sources of pollutants and major factors driving the variations of groundwater quality in tested years.