三角帆蚌对北京富营养化河湖水体的滤水效率和放养方式研究

2009年9月,在北京市水利科学研究所实验基地采用室内实验方式,研究了三角帆蚌在北京富营养化水体中的滤水效率,对比水体上层和底层2种放养方式对水体净化效果差异。结果表明:三角帆蚌平均滤水率为(31.63±6.67)mL/(min.kg);上层放养方式对水体透明度改善效果显著,叶绿素a在48 h即显著降低,且维持在较低水平。三角帆蚌有利于富营养化水体净化,实际应用中应采用水体上层放养方式。     

厌氧折流板反应器处理高浓度含硫酸盐有机废水研究

采用容积约44 L由11格组成的厌氧折流板反应器(anaerobic baffled reactor,ABR)处理含有机物(COD 4 g/L)及硫酸盐(5 g/L)的模拟制革废水,水力停留时间(HRT)为48 h,容积负荷为2 kg COD/(m3.d),连续运行78d的处理效果。结果表明,稳定运行后对有机物的去除率为30%～40%;硫酸盐的去除率达到60%～70%;各格污泥的产甲烷活性逐级变弱,且随运行时间的延长也有明显减弱的趋势;硫酸盐还原菌菌数(SRB)则随运行时间的延长呈逐步增加后又减少的趋势;硫化物在运行30 d后开始增加,逐渐稳定在150～200 mg/L的范围,但在各格中其浓度并无规律性变化。反应器中的污泥运行40 d以后出现矿化加重现象。     

流态化TiO2光催化降解甲苯的实验

在自制的流化床反应器中,以实验室制备的TiO2/硅胶为催化剂,对甲苯、空气混合气进行光催化降解,探讨了初始浓度、紫外光强度、操作气速和床层高度等因素对甲苯降解率的影响。实验结果表明:在低浓度范围内(20~55mg/m3),甲苯降解率不随浓度变化,高达100%,但浓度进一步增加后降解率下降;甲苯降解率随紫外光强度的增加而提高,但提幅不大;甲苯初始浓度越低,维持最高降解率的时间越长;操作气速存在最佳值3·98cm/s,达到此值时降解效果最好;甲苯降解率随床层高度(静态高度)的增加而线性提高。     

芳香族化合物的生物降解途径

分析了以苯、甲苯、萘和联苯为代表的芳香族化合物的生物降解途径,发现其共同点都是经过两步加氧酶作用生成二醇,最后再开环;介绍了苯、甲苯、萘和联苯这几种芳香族化合物分解酶的组分、相对分子质量及其辅基。     

Occurrence and microbial degradation of phthalate esters in Taiwan river sediments

Concentrations and microbial degradation rates were measured for eight phthalate esters (PAEs) found in 14 surface water and six sediment samples taken from rivers in Taiwan. The tested PAEs were diethyl phthalate (DEP), dipropyl phthalate (DPP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diphenyl phthalate (DPhP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), dihexyl phthalate (DHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In all samples, concentrations of DEHP and DBP were found to be higher than the other six PAEs. DEHP concentrations in the water and sediment samples ranged from ND to 18.5 μg/l and 0.5 to 23.9 μg/g, respectively; for DBP the concentration ranges were 1.0–13.5 μg/l and 0.3–30.3 μg/g, respectively. Concentrations of DHP, BBP, DCP and DPhP were below detection limits. Under aerobic conditions, average degradation half-lives for DEP, DPP, DBP, DPhP, BBP, DHP, DCP and DEHP were measured as 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 2.6, 3.1, 9.7, 11.1 and 14.8 days, respectively; under anaerobic conditions, respective average half-lives were measured as 33.6, 25.7, 14.4, 14.6, 19.3, 24.1, 26.4 and 34.7 days. In other words, under aerobic conditions we found that DEP, DPP, DBP, DPhP and BBP were easily degraded, but DEHP was difficult to degrade; under anaerobic conditions, DBP, DPhP and BBP were easily degraded, but DEP and DEHP were difficult to degrade. Aerobic degradation rates were up to 10 times faster than anaerobic degradation rates.     

Solubilization of blood meal to be used as a liquid fertilizer

The solubilization of blood meal by means of the microwave-hydrogen peroxide enhanced advanced-oxidation process (MW/H(2)O(2)-AOP) was studied. It was found that over the treatment temperature range of 60 to 120 degrees C, solids particle reduction, ammonia and orthophosphate production could be achieved by this process. Large protein molecules were broken down into intermediate compounds with low molecule weights, ammonia and nitrate. Intermediate compounds, such as peptides and amino acids, can also be easily converted to nitrogenous nutrients for plant growth by bacteria. Soluble nitrogen content increased with an increase in microwave heating temperature when acid was added; significant amounts of ammonia were obtained at higher temperatures. Nitrate decreased in concentration with an increase of treatment temperature. Orthophosphate concentrations increased after the advanced-oxidation process (AOP) treatments, with and without acid addition; but were more pronounced with acid addition. Maximum solubility of chemical oxygen demand (COD) occurred at 80 degrees C. Without the addition of acid, soluble COD decreased due to protein denaturation and coagulation out of the solution.     

Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and landfill leachate in single-phase batch reactors

In order to investigate the effect of raw leachate on anaerobic digestion of food waste, co-digestions of food waste with raw leachate were carried out. A series of single-phase batch mesophilic (35 ± 1 °C) anaerobic digestions were performed at a food waste concentration of 41.8 g VS/L. The results showed that inhibition of biogas production by volatile fatty acids (VFA) occurred without raw leachate addition. A certain amount of raw leachate in the reactors effectively relieved acidic inhibition caused by VFA accumulation, and the system maintained stable with methane yield of 369–466 mL/g VS. Total ammonia nitrogen introduced into the digestion systems with initial 2000–3000 mgNH₄–N/L not only replenished nitrogen for bacterial growth, but also formed a buffer system with VFA to maintain a delicate biochemical balance between the acidogenic and methanogenic microorganisms. UV spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy data showed that food waste was completely degraded.We concluded that using raw leachate for supplement water addition and pH modifier on anaerobic digestion of food waste was effective. An appropriate fraction of leachate could stimulate methanogenic activity and enhance biogas production.     

Optimizing water quality monitoring networks using continuous longitudinal monitoring data: a case study of Wen-Rui Tang River, Wenzhou, China

Identification of representative sampling sites is a critical issue in establishing an effective water quality monitoring program. This is especially important at the urban-agriculture interface where water quality conditions can change rapidly over short distances. The objective of this research was to optimize the spatial allocation of discrete monitoring sites for synoptic water quality monitoring through analysis of continuous longitudinal monitoring data collected by attaching a water quality sonde and GPS to a boat. Sampling was conducted six times from March to October 2009 along a 6.5 km segment of the Wen-Rui Tang River in eastern China that represented an urban-agricultural interface. When travelling at a velocity of ～2.4 km h(-1), this resulted in water quality measurements at ～20 m interval. Ammonia nitrogen (NH(4)(+)-N), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity data were collected and analyzed using Cluster Analysis (CA) to identify optimal locations for establishment of long-term monitoring sites. The analysis identified two distinct water quality segments for NH(4)(+)-N and EC and three distinct segments for DO and turbidity. According to our research results, the current fixed-location sampling sites should be adjusted to more effectively capture the distinct differences in the spatial distribution of water quality conditions. In addition, this methodology identified river reaches that require more comprehensive study of the factors leading to the changes in water quality within the identified river segment. The study demonstrates that continuous longitudinal monitoring can be a highly effective method for optimizing monitoring site locations for water quality studies.