花生和油菜对重金属的积累及其成品油的安全性

土壤重金属污染日益严重,植物修复作为一种环境友好型的技术越来越受到关注。选取种植在郴州重金属污染土壤地区的花生和油菜2种油料作物,研究了重金属在这2种油料作物各部位的分布情况,再利用2种有机溶剂(正己烷和石油醚)对果实进行索氏萃取,探讨油中重金属的残留情况。结果表明,花生和油菜对重金属有一定的耐性和积累能力,花生根、茎、叶对重金属Pb、Cu、Cd积累性较强,其中Cd在根、茎、叶中的富集系数都高于4,为土壤本底值的5~6倍。花生红皮则对Cu表现出较强的富集能力,富集系数为3.30,浓度达到了358.26 mg/kg;油菜中重金属Zn、Cu、Cd在各部位的分布为:叶>根>果荚>茎>籽,说明油菜叶对Zn、Cu、Cd的积累能力更强。通过2种有机溶剂对花生果实和油菜籽进行萃取,结果发现,石油醚对花生油的萃取率高于正己烷,正己烷对油菜的萃取率大于石油醚,且花生和菜籽的毛油中重金属As和Pb的含量都符合国家《食用油卫生标准》GB2716-2005(≤0.1 mg/kg)。     

Catalytic hydrogenation rate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in supercritical carbon dioxide containing polymer-stabilized palladium nanoparticles

Catalytic hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with up to four fused benzene rings over high-density-polyethylene-stabilized palladium nanoparticles in supercritical carbon dioxide via in situ UV/Vis spectroscopy is presented. PAHs can be efficiently converted to saturated polycyclic hydrocarbons using this green technique under mild conditions at 20 MPa of CO₂ containing 1 MPa of H₂ at 40-50 °C. Kinetic studies based on in situ UV/Vis spectra of the CO₂ phase reveal that the initial hydrogenation of a given PAH and the subsequent hydrogenations of its intermediates are pseudo-first-order. The hydrogenation rate of the latter is always much smaller than that of the former probably due to increasing steric hindrance introduced by the hydrogenated benzene rings of PAHs which impedes the adsorption process and hydrogen access to PAHs on catalyst surfaces.     

Occurrence and microbial degradation of phthalate esters in Taiwan river sediments

Concentrations and microbial degradation rates were measured for eight phthalate esters (PAEs) found in 14 surface water and six sediment samples taken from rivers in Taiwan. The tested PAEs were diethyl phthalate (DEP), dipropyl phthalate (DPP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diphenyl phthalate (DPhP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), dihexyl phthalate (DHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In all samples, concentrations of DEHP and DBP were found to be higher than the other six PAEs. DEHP concentrations in the water and sediment samples ranged from ND to 18.5 μg/l and 0.5 to 23.9 μg/g, respectively; for DBP the concentration ranges were 1.0–13.5 μg/l and 0.3–30.3 μg/g, respectively. Concentrations of DHP, BBP, DCP and DPhP were below detection limits. Under aerobic conditions, average degradation half-lives for DEP, DPP, DBP, DPhP, BBP, DHP, DCP and DEHP were measured as 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 2.6, 3.1, 9.7, 11.1 and 14.8 days, respectively; under anaerobic conditions, respective average half-lives were measured as 33.6, 25.7, 14.4, 14.6, 19.3, 24.1, 26.4 and 34.7 days. In other words, under aerobic conditions we found that DEP, DPP, DBP, DPhP and BBP were easily degraded, but DEHP was difficult to degrade; under anaerobic conditions, DBP, DPhP and BBP were easily degraded, but DEP and DEHP were difficult to degrade. Aerobic degradation rates were up to 10 times faster than anaerobic degradation rates.     

Pre-oxidation and coagulation of textile wastewater by the Fenton process

This paper evaluates the Fenton process, involving oxidation and coagulation, for the removal of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from synthetic textile wastewater containing polyvinyl alcohol and a reactive dyestuff, R94H. The experimental variables studied include dosages of iron salts and hydrogen peroxide, oxidation time, mixing speed and organic content. The results show that color was removed mainly by Fenton oxidation. The color removal reached a maximum of 90% at a reaction time of 5 min under low dosages of H2O2 and Fe2+. In contrast, the COD was removed primarily by Fenton coagulation, rather than by Fenton oxidation. The ratio of removal efficiency between Fenton process and ferric coagulation was 5.6 for color removal and 1.2 for COD removal. It is concluded that Fenton process for the treatment of textile wastewater favors the removal of color rather than COD.     

底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢动力学特性的影响

实验研究了底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢动力学特性的影响,并对光合细菌产氢得率和初始底物转化为氢气得率进行比较,分析底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢代谢的影响,实验发现底物初始浓度为120 mmol/L时最适合光合细菌的产氢代谢,底物初始浓度达到140 mmol/L时,光合细菌主要进行生物量合成和产酸代谢,得到各浓度梯度下的最大生物量,但对产氢代谢产生抑制作用,表明最大生物量与最大的产氢能力之间不成正比关系及光合细菌产生CO2机制与产氢机制不同;光合细菌最大比产氢活性表现在对数生长期,最大生物量出现在稳定期。实验证明,光合细菌对数生长期受底物浓度影响大,底物浓度低,最大生物量所对应的时间相对较早,底物浓度增大,最大生物量所对应的时间相对延后。     

有机污染土壤热处理过程中的炭化行为及其影响

热处理技术在国内外均占有较高的市场份额,已成为有机污染场地的主要修复技术。尽管对热处理技术本身的研究和关注较多,包括工艺、参数、能源、效果、成本、应用等方面,但关于有机污染物热处理化学转化中炭化行为研究的报道并不多见。炭化行为可能会改善土壤再利用特性,对热处理工艺参数也可能有一定影响。指出了传统焦化行业中4种炭化反应类型及其机理过程,梳理了石油烃和芳烃化合物等污染土壤热处理过程中的炭化行为,总结了有机污染物炭化行为对土壤再利用特性的影响,并分析了生物质炭化产物对土壤肥力的促进机制。以此为基础,提出了有机污染土壤热处理炭化行为研究的几个重点关注方向。     

Towards a control model for the highly cybernetic farming ecosystems

A dynamic model based on the linear systems theory is developed in designing a highly cybernetic farming strategy to efficiently manage residuals generated in farm ecosystems. A linear cybemetic model would be used to describe the dynamic behavior of resource flow in the farm ecosystem in which the state variables are resource quantities, and the control variables are residual quantities. The controlled process is defined as the controlled management strategy change. Cybemetic mechanism shows the application of residuals as control measures have determinate effects on the controlled process as along as the farming system is observable and controllable in the control sense. To illustrate the model algorithm the idea is applied to simulate the dynamic response of residual phosphorus concentrations in an integrated pig/corn farming system located in the south Taiwan region. General results show that the residual phosphorous concentration is influenced by farming activities which are controlled by a system of gross input and net output parameters. This paper demonstrates using input-output analysis technique that residuals generated in the farming system is the most important cybemetic variable,     

含表面活性剂的采油废水催化氧化处理

对含有表面活性剂的废水(以下简称表活废水)进行了傅里叶红外光谱分析(FTIR),结果表明,废水中所含表面活性剂主要为环烷酸钠。采用次氯酸钙(Ca(ClO)2)和活性炭-Ni催化氧化处理,在Ca(ClO)2投加量为4 500 mg/L,活性炭-Ni投加量为7 000 mg/L时,反应90 min,出水COD为158.91 mg/L,去除率达62.92%。催化氧化出水经沸石吸附处理,在pH为6.85,吸附时间为2 h,沸石投加量为17 g/L的条件下,吸附出水COD和油含量分别为88.92 mg/L和2.53mg/L,去除率分别为45.65%和90.02%,均达到《污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)》的一级标准要求。催化剂活性炭-Ni和吸附剂沸石均具有较稳定的活性,在重复使用20次后,出水COD的去除率仅分别降低了1.16%和1.32%。     

Quantification of ventilation on distribution of gaseous pollutants emitted from stored swine manure

Abstract

This paper describes the quantification of the effects of ventilation on distribution of gaseous pollutants as a result of mass transfer from stored manure to ventilation air in a swine confinement building. A multiple airflow regions model is developed and used to simulate the dynamics of gaseous pollutants in any airspace within a ventilated slotted‐inlet enclosure. The model predictions compared favorably with the measured results adapted from a literature research at ventilation rates between 443 and 932 m³/hr (deviations of 5.1 ‐ 14.68%) for carbon dioxide and ammonia concentrations. A comparison between predictions and measured carbon dioxide concentrations derived from an environmental chamber test found deviations ranged from 3.1 ‐ 5.6% at ventilation rates between 281 and 995 m³/hr. The results suggest that the model can be experimentally applied between ventilation rates of 443 and 995 m³/hr. The model also capable of predicting air exchange rate required to maintain acceptable levels of gaseous pollutants in swine confinement buildings based on gas emission rates.     

黑臭底泥土著微生物促生对磷的影响

土著微生物促生是一项低成本高效率的河湖黑臭底泥原位修复技术,然而向底泥中投加药剂可能会影响上覆水水质。为探讨该技术对水环境的不利影响,实验研究了城市湖泊黑臭底泥修复过程中上覆水中磷浓度和底泥中磷含量及形态的变化。结果表明,在投药深度为泥面以下15 cm,微生物营养剂（BE）和生物解毒剂（MT）的投加量分别低于60mL/m3和70 mL/m3的条件下,上覆水总磷（TP）浓度低于地表水环境质量Ⅲ类（湖库类）标准值。投加微生物促生剂（BE和MT）导致上覆水磷含量升高,并促进了上覆水中藻类的增长。复配投加硝酸钙能减少上覆水中磷含量及藻类生物量,从而抑制微生物促生剂对上覆水磷浓度的影响。另外,投加微生物促生剂及硝酸钙到底泥中后,底泥磷含量以及磷形态组成的变化均不明显。