榆林市环境信息综合办公一体化的设想

为提高环保部门环境监管的效率和决策水平,实现现代化环境信息管理,在分析榆林市环境信息化建设的基础上,从环境管理的角度出发,结合榆林市环境信息化建设现状,将环境信息系统(EIS)的专业性和综合办公系统(OA)的大众性相结合,使两大系统在国家环境信息化建设的总架构下实现共享,设想环境信息与综合办公一体化,并对该一体化系统核心单元及其功能进行了叙述。     

玉米赤霉烯酮暴露对秀丽线虫生殖系统的损伤作用

环境雌激素玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的生态安全性近年来受到越来越多的关注。以秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabdites elegans)为模式生物研究ZEN对线虫的生殖损伤作用。在DIC显微镜下观察,48 h暴露后与对照组相比,暴露组线虫性腺臂明显萎缩,卵母细胞数目和大小均受到显著影响(P0.01),并且可见部分暴露组线虫产卵器严重畸形。这均表明ZEN暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫生殖系统的发育和功能可产生损害作用。     

树皮在大气有机氯农药监测中应用的研究进展

有机氯农药（Organochlorine pesticides, OCPs）曾在全世界被大量使用,即使禁用多年,仍能在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人体健康存在着潜在的威胁。因此OCPs的环境迁移和归趋一直是该领域的研究热点。树皮是一种天然的被动采样器,能够很好的反映出大气有机物长期的污染程度。本文简要论述了树皮作为被动采样器在大气污染物监测研究中应用的优势,并对OCPs在树皮中的残留浓度、特征及影响其富集的因素进行了探讨,最后特别针对具有手性的OCPs在树皮中的对映体选择性特征进行了评述。     

Assessing the potential of crop residue recycling in China and technology options based on a bottom-up model

Crop residues are an important biomass, and are significant in the sustainable development of China. This paper uses the Grey-Markov modeling approach, the cost-benefit analysis method, and the constraint optimiza- tion method to establish the potential of crop residue recycling in China （CRRC） using a bottom-up analysis. Taking 2010 as the baseline year, the CRRC model is used to determine the quantity trends of crop residue resources, simulating the recycling potential and selecting key crop residue recycling technologies for operation between 2010 and 2030. The results illustrate that the total residue output from different crops will gradually increase to 1062 million tons in 2030. The proportion of crop residue for field burning is expected to decrease as a result of guidance and support from the government. Market mechanisms are also improving the development of the crop residue recycling industry. The economic benefit of crop residue recycling is expected to be worth 132 billion CNY in 2030 according to technology structure options. Key crop residue recycling technologies preferred such as liquefaction, amination, silo, co-firing straw power and composting will account for more than 85% of the total benefits.     

Cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removal of phosphorus in rainwater runoff

Self-made cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron （R-nZVI） was used to remove phosphorus in rainwater runoff. 80% of phosphorus in rainwater runoff from grassland was removed with an initial concentration of 0.72 mg. L-1 phosphorus when the dosage of R-nZVl is 8 g per liter rainwater, while only 26% of phosphorus was removed when using cation exchange resin without supported nanoscale zero-valent iron under the same condition. The adsorption capacity of R-nZVI increased up to 185 times of that of the cation exchange resin at a saturated equilibrium phosphorous concentration of 0.42 mg. L-1. Various techniques were implemented to characterize the R-nZVI and explore the mechanism of its removal of phosphate. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） indicated that new crystal had been formed on the surface of R-nZVI. The result from inductive coupled plasma （ICP） indicated that 2.1% of nZVI was loaded on the support material. The specific surface area was increased after the load of nanoscale zero-valent iron （nZVI）, according to the measurement of BET-N2 method. The result of specific surface area analysis also proved that phosphorus was removed mainly through chemical adsorption process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis showed that the new product obtained from chemical reaction between phosphate and iron was ferrous phosphate.     

碳纳米管负载的镍及其氧化物对高毒气体PH3的催化分解性能

采用沉积-沉淀法制备了均一负载于碳纳米管(CNTs)载体的金属Ni和NiO,将其应用于PH3催化分解反应.通过XRD、TEM、XPS、BET等一系列检测手段,对样品的相结构、形貌、组分和比表面积进行了表征.研究结果表明,反应过程中,Ni和NiO很快被磷化为高活性的金属磷化物NiP2,作为反应的活性相.在420℃温度下,两样品对PH3的催化分解率均可达到99.5%以上.将反应中原位生成的NiP2进行催化反应,较钝化-还原的处理方式更有利于样品催化性能的保持.     

BDE-47对斑马鱼胚胎-幼鱼的急性毒性及氧化应激作用

为研究2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对斑马鱼胚胎-幼鱼急性毒性、氧化应激及细胞凋亡的影响,以受精后3 h的斑马鱼胚胎为染毒对象,用概率单位法计算BDE-47对斑马鱼胚胎-幼鱼的96 h-LC₅₀;再参照96 h-LC₅₀按一定比例级差设置0.25、0.5、1.0、2.0 mg·L^-1 4个浓度组和1个对照组(0 mg·L^-1)进行96 h半静水式毒性试验,检测斑马鱼超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞凋亡情况。结果表明,BDE-47对斑马鱼96 h的急性毒性LC₅₀为3.77 mg·L^-1(95%可信区间1.93～10.27 mg·L^-1);2.0 mg·L^-1剂量组与对照组相比,SOD活性和MDA含量显著增加,且CAT活性与BDE-47染毒浓度之间存在明显的剂量-效应关系;0.5 mg·L^-1 BDE-47染毒96 h后,即观察到斑马鱼幼鱼出现明显细胞凋亡,主要集中于神经管和脑部。研究表明,BDE-47可以影响斑马鱼体内抗氧化防御系统,并能诱导细胞凋亡;BDE-47导致神经组织的氧化损伤可能在动物神经毒性中起重要作用。     

噻虫胺在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了噻虫胺在3种不同类型土壤中的吸附特性、移动特性及其影响因素.结果表明,噻虫胺在江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土中的吸附较好地符合Freundlich方程,Kd值分别为0.49、1.99和4.42,Kd值大小次序依次为:江西红壤<太湖水稻土<东北黑土.影响噻虫胺土壤吸附性的主要因素为土壤有机质.薄层层析试验显示,当溶剂展开至12.0 cm处,噻虫胺在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中最远移至10—12 cm、8—10 cm、4—6 cm处.土柱试验表明噻虫胺在红壤淋出液中质量分数为56.04%,太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的噻虫胺最远已移至20.0—25.0 cm和15.0—20.0 cm处.影响噻虫胺在土壤中吸附性和移动性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量.噻虫胺存在对地下水污染的潜在风险性,特别是在红壤环境下使用噻虫胺应该引起足够重视.     

乙虫腈及其代谢产物在稻田中的残留消减动态研究

采用加速溶剂萃取提取、florisil固相萃取小柱净化、气相色谱（电子捕获检测器）测定的方法,研究了江苏南京、江西南昌和福建永泰3地稻田施用乙虫腈农药后,乙虫腈农药及其代谢产物在水稻植株、田水和土壤中的残留消减动力学规律,以及在水稻植株、土壤、稻壳和糙米中最终残留情况。结果表明,乙虫腈母体在南京、南昌和永泰3地水稻植株、土壤、和稻田水中的消减半衰期分别为3．0、4．1和8．3d,9．2、16．9和9．9d,2．8、6．9和10．9d;母体和代谢产物总量在南京、南昌和永泰3地水稻植株、土壤、和稻田水中的消减半衰期分别为8．5、8．2和4．0d,37．1、58．2和20．2d,4．4、8．2和10．8d。在稻田中按照最高推荐剂量和最高推荐剂量1．5倍施用乙虫腈,施药1~2次时,在收获的糙米中乙虫腈的均未检出。