气态膜吸收分离二甲胺水溶液的研究

利用自制的高效中空纤维膜组件,通过气态膜吸收法分离二甲胺水溶液.在本实验范围内,把总传质系数和二甲胺脱除率作为评价因素,对影响传质效果的3个因素进行了正交实验.从实验数据可以看出,进口温度升高使得总传质系数与脱除率增大,流速增大使得脱出率下降而总传质系数增大,初始进口浓度对总传质系数与脱除率影响不大.单因素实验得出传质效果最佳的条件为:二甲胺溶液进口温度为45℃,二甲胺溶液流速为0.08m·s-1,二甲胺溶液初始进口浓度为3000×10-6.结果表明二甲胺溶液进口温度是最显著的影响因素,二甲胺溶液流量的影响次之,二甲胺溶液初始进口浓度影响不显著.通过膜组件稳定性实验,了解到膜组件运行550h性能依然很高.     

太原市采暖期大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的污染特征

本研究对太原市采暖期PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平、组成特征、健康风险以及来源进行了分析。结果表明,太原市采暖期PM2.5的日均浓度水平为70.7~274.2μg/m3,90%的样品超过了我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)中PM2.5的二级标准限值(75μg/m3)。PM2.5中16种PAHs的浓度水平为282.7~1 398.6ng/m3,平均值为915.7ng/m3。荧蒽(Fla)是浓度最高的单体,占PAHs总浓度的20.4%,其次是芘(Pry)和菲(Phe),分别占14.5%和13.2%。不同环数的PAHs质量浓度为4环5~6环2~3环。以苯并(a)芘(Bap)为参照对象的昼夜毒性当量浓度Bapeq分别为75.5和100.0ng/m3,高于我国和WHO对Bap的规定值(分别为2.5和1ng/m3),对人体健康存在潜在危害。根据PAHs环数分布及特征比值法判断PAHs的主要来源是煤燃烧,同时也存在一定的生物质燃烧和少部分石油燃烧。     

新晃侗族自治县可持续发展评价指标体系构建及定量分析

结合生态县建设主要指标和新晃县域实际情况,构建了一套包含经济发展、生态环境保护、社会进步3个层次共32个指标的可持续发展评价体系。采用综合计量模型和层次分析法,对生态县规划基准年(2012年)、近期(2015年)、中期(2017年)、远期(2020年)的指标值进行可持续发展度的量化分析。结果表明:2012年、2015年、2017年、2020年新晃县可持续发展度分别为0.4271、0.5694、0.7161、0.8349,呈持续上升趋势。最后提出了几条提高县域可持续发展能力的政策性建议。     

南京地区PCB52多介质迁移归趋行为模拟及环境风险评价

运用多介质逸度模型对PCB52在南京地区空气、水体、土壤和沉积物中的浓度分布与多介质间的迁移、归趋行为进行模拟研究并分析PCB52在研究区域环境多介质间的迁移通量,确定其在环境中的主要迁移过程;结合文献中的监测数据,对模型的可靠性进行验证;对模型的输入参数进行灵敏度分析;通过模拟浓度与实际浓度的对比,表明模型在该地区具有很好的适用性。结果表明,环境系统达到平衡时,PCB52在沉积物中的含量占其在环境系统总含量的96.12%;PCB52从环境系统中的消失途径主要为空气平流输出和空气降解;环境温度和空气平流输入是影响化合物在环境相中浓度分布的最主要因素。此外,PCB52初步的生态风险评价表明其对生态环境未构成严重威胁,但潜在危害仍不容忽视。     

7种酚类化学物质对活性污泥的呼吸抑制作用

苯酚类化学物质是废水中常见的有机污染物,其对活性污泥的毒性数据对于污水处理厂稳定运行和化学品危害性评估具有重要意义。本研究采用活性污泥呼吸抑制试验(209)测定7种酚类化学物质对活性污泥的呼吸抑制作用。结果显示,2,6-二叔丁基苯酚和对特辛基苯酚对活性污泥未产生明显的毒性效应;2,4-二氯酚、2-苯基苯酚、4-硝基酚、4-氯酚和对甲酚等5种化学物质都对活性污泥呼吸有不同程度的抑制效应,3 h-EC50值分别为49.7、77.6、102、150.1和462 mg·L-1,构效关系分析结果表明-Cl、-NO2等官能团是导致活性污泥呼吸抑制效应增强的关键因素。在化学品生物降解性测试研究中,要确保有毒化学物质的测试浓度低于EC50值的1/10。     

石家庄市制药行业VOCs排放特征分析及健康风险评价

选择石家庄市9家典型制药企业作为研究目标,在对生产工艺进行调查的基础上研究了VOCs的排放特征,并利用国际公认的健康风险评价模型对制药行业排放的典型VOCs的健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,9家研究企业排放的VOCs浓度在10.6~162 mg·m-3间,抗生素类生产企业是主要排放源;识别出的9种典型VOCs为丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙醇、甲醇、二氯甲烷、正丁醇、异丙醇、甲苯;通过源成分谱确定出不同制药类型排放源的主要污染物:发酵类抗生素为乙酸丁酯(40%)、乙酸乙酯(31%)和正丁醇(17%);半合成类抗生素为丙酮(55%)、异丙醇(15%)和二氯甲烷(12%);维生素类为乙醇(41%)、丙酮(34%)和甲醇(13%);中药类为乙醇(75%)、甲醇(12%)。制药行业排放的VOCs健康风险危害指数为2.08×10-5,低于国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受水平,不会对暴露人群健康造成非致癌危害;正丁醇的危害指数最高,贡献率为48%。各典型制药企业排放口中二氯甲烷的致癌风险值在1.37×10-5~9.28×10-4间。     

Influence of incorporating beta zeolite nanoparticles on water permeability and ion selectivity of polyamide nanofiltration membranes

A novel polyamide (PA) thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane modified with Beta (β) zeolite was prepared by interfacial polymerization on a poly (ether sulfone) (PES) ultrafiltration membrane. Compared with the PA thin film composite (TFC) membrane, the introduction of β zeolite with porous structure notably increased the water flux of TFN membrane. Because the β zeolite with tiny-sized and well-defined inner-porous acted as prior flow channels for water molecules and a barrier for the sulfate ions. The successful introduction of β zeolite into the (PA) selective layer and their dispersion in the corresponding layer were verified by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Water contact angle, zeta potential measurements were used to characterize the changes of membrane surface properties before and after incorporating the β zeolite. With the β zeolite introducing, the water contact angle of modified TFN membrane was decreased to 47.8°, which was benefited to improve the water flux. Meanwhile, the negative charges of the modified TFN membrane was increased, resulting in an enhancement of separation effect on SO₄^2? and Cl^?. In term of nanofiltration (NF) experiments, the highest pure water flux of the TFN membranes reached up to 81.22 L m^?2 hr^?1 under operating pressure of 0.2 MPa, which was 2.5 times as much as the pristine TFC membrane.     

基于一种重塑性制样方法的节理黄土力学特性试验研究∗

黄土节理是控制黄土地基、边坡和地下工程破坏与稳定性的重要因素,探讨节理性黄土的破坏特性对于了解边坡后缘拉裂演化过程、滑动面的生成具有重要意义。针对原状节理性黄土室内试验试样制备困难的问题,考虑节理面低强度、弱胶结的特点,以一种接触面模拟材料为载体,结合重塑制样的方法,提出一种节理性黄土室内三轴试样的制样方法,通过重塑试样与原状试样的节理面抗拉强度对比分析,验证该方法的合理性和有效性。在此基础上,开展节理性黄土的无侧限抗压强度试验和三轴压缩试验,讨论节理性黄土试样的强度与破坏规律。研究结果表明:节理的存在对试样强度和破坏的影响与节理倾角和围压大小有关,表现为低围压和45°倾角时的低强度效应;"沿节理面滑动破坏"与"破裂面与节理面呈X型共轭剪切破坏"是无侧限和三轴条件下的含单条贯通型节理性试样的两种典型破坏模式;非贯通型节理性试样的抗压破坏主要为"破裂面与节理面贯通型破坏"与"破裂面与节理面非贯通型破坏"两种类型。     

Economic Periodicity Analysis of Shandong Province

The paper analyses the periodical characteristics of the economic development of Shandong Province by using the minimum variation analysis model. The analysis shows that the economic development process of Shandong Province has short, medium and long cycles respectively for 6, 12, 19 years, and the fluctuation of the economic development becomes gentler with time passing by. The fluctuation of macro-control policy, investment and consumption are the main reasons of the economic fluctuation.     

Recovery of valuable materials from waste liquid crystal display panel

Associated with the rapid development of the information and electronic industry, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have been increasingly sold as displays. However, during the discarding at their end-of-life stage, significant environmental hazards, impacts on health and a loss of resources may occur, if the scraps are not managed in an appropriate way. In order to improve the efficiency of the recovery of valuable materials from waste LCDs panel in an environmentally sound manner, this study presents a combined recycling technology process on the basis of manual dismantling and chemical treatment of LCDs. Three key processes of this technology have been studied, including the separation of LCD polarizing film by thermal shock method the removal of liquid crystals between the glass substrates by the ultrasonic cleaning, and the recovery of indium metal from glass by dissolution. The results show that valuable materials (e.g. indium) and harmful substances (e.g. liquid crystals) could be efficiently recovered or separated through above-mentioned combined technology. The optimal conditions are: (1) the peak temperature of thermal shock to separate polarizing film, ranges from 230 to 240 °C, where pyrolysis could be avoided; (2) the ultrasonic-assisted cleaning was most efficient at a frequency of 40 KHz (P = 40 W) and the exposure of the substrate to industrial detergents for 10 min; and (3) indium separation from glass in a mix of concentrated hydrochloric acid at 38% and nitric acid at 69% (HCl:HNO₃:H₂O = 45:5:50, volume ratio). The indium separation process was conducted with an exposure time of 30 min at a constant temperature of 60 °C.