城市污泥掺制水煤浆燃烧动力学特性

通过热重实验,分析了污泥、水煤浆的单-燃烧以及水煤浆中掺混不同比例城市污泥后混合浆的燃烧特性.结果表明.混合浆样的热分析曲线出现2个由挥发分析出的燃烧峰(分别对应250～380°C和380～570°C)与固定碳燃烧峰(570～680°C).混合浆样着火温度因污泥的掺人比水煤浆高约50℃,但随掺混比例的提高,最大燃烧速率及综合燃烧特性指数S增加,污泥的掺入使燃烧得到加强.采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到各阶段燃烧反应的机理方程及相应的动力学参数活化能E,表明活化能值的大小与试样的燃烧阶段是对应的.     

新型絮凝剂含硼聚硅铝铁的制备和性能研究

向聚硅酸中引入Al³⁺、Fe³⁺、B,制得稳定性更好的高效絮凝剂含硼聚硅铝铁（PFASB）。通过实验得到其最佳配比为：n_(B)/n_(Si)=0.16、n_(Fe)/n_(Al)=0.5 、n_(Al+Fe)/n_(Si)=1。对造纸废水和焦化废水进行混凝实验表明,PFASB的除浊、除COD的能力均优于聚合铝、聚合铝铁和聚硅铝铁,而且矾花产生迅速,矾花粗大密实,是一种性能优异的新型高分子絮凝剂。实验还考察了絮凝剂的形貌和结构,结果表明B、铝及其水解产物、铁及其水解产物和聚硅酸等多种组分之间有相互作用,形成了尺度更大的聚集单元。PFASB的这种特殊结构是其具有良好稳定性和混凝性能的根本原因。     

Eubacteria and Archaea community of simultaneous methanogenesis and denitrification granular sludge

Based on the successful performance of a lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with the capacity of simultaneous methanogenesis and denitrification (SMD), the specific phylogenetic groups and community structure of microbes in the SMD granule in the UASB reactor were investigated by the construction of the Eubacteria and Archaea 16S rDNA clone libraries, fragment length polymorphism, and sequence blast. Real time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RTQ-PCR) technique was used to quantify the contents of Eubacteria and Archaea in the SMD granule. The contents of some special predominant methanogens were also investigated. The results indicated that the Methanosaeta and Methanobacteria were the predominant methanogens in all Archaea in the SMD granule, with contents of 71. 59% and 22. 73% in all 88 random Archaea clones, respectively. The diversity of Eubacteria was much more complex than that of Archaea. The low GC positive gram bacteria and Б-Protebacteria were the main predominant Eubacteria species in SMD granule, their contents were 49. 62% and 12. 03% in all 133 random Eubacteria clones respectively. The results of RTQ-PCR indicated that the content of Archaea was less than Eubacteria, the Archaea content in total microorganisms in SMD granule was about 27. 6%.     

预氧化技术在油田污水处理中的应用研究

预氧化技术是随着油田污水处理的需要发展起来的一种新技术。预氧化的目的就是把二价铁离子转化为三价铁,并在后期通过添加化学药剂沉淀出来,从而提高水质稳定性,降低后续处理过程的结垢现象。目前采用的预氧化技术主要有两种:化学预氧化和电化学预氧化。详细介绍预氧化技术,并通过与传统工艺技术的对比总结了预氧化技术的特点;分析了两种预氧化技术的异同;并通过这两种技术在油田的实际应用情况对它们的应用水质、运行管理、加药情况等方面进行了对比研究,总结了两种技术的优缺点及适用水质,并对该技术以后的推广应用提出相应建议。     

Ecotoxicological effects of waterborne PFOS exposure on swimming performance and energy expenditure in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The potential risks of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are of increasing ecological concern. Swimming performance is linked to the fitness and health of fish. However, the impacts of PFOS on swimming performance remain largely unknown. We investigated the ecotoxicological effects of acute exposure to PFOS on the swimming performance and energy expenditure of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 8 and 32 mg/L) for 48 hr. The spontaneous swimming activity, fast-start swimming performance, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and active metabolic rate (AMR) of the goldfish were examined after exposure to PFOS. PFOS exposure resulted in remarkable effects on spontaneous activity. Motion distance was reduced, and the proportion of motionless time increased with increasing concentrations of PFOS. However, no significant alterations in the fast-start performance-related kinematic parameters, such as latency time, maximum linear velocity, maximum linear acceleration or escape distance during the first 120 msec after stimulus, were observed after PFOS exposure. Unexpectedly, although PFOS exposure had marked influences on the swimming oxygen consumption rates and AMR of goldfish, the U crit of the goldfish was not significantly affected by PFOS. This may result in a noteworthy increase in the energetic cost of transport. The overall results indicate that, in contrast to spontaneous activity, underlying swimming capabilities are maintained in goldfish after short-term exposure to PFOS, but energy expenditure during the process of swimming is dramatically aggravated.     

钢渣干法处理工艺的比较研究

论述了钢渣的几种干法处理工艺,比较了各种工艺的技术特点,分析各种工艺对产品种类和产品品位的影响。根据场地和投资的需求,科学合理地选择钢渣处理工艺,才能提高产品循环利用率,实现钢渣资源的"零排放",促进钢铁企业的循环经济、节能降耗和环境保护。     

环境风险评价概述

主要是在查阅国内外文章的基础上,对环境风险评价的发展、风险评价的内容和程序进行归纳总结,分析了环境风险评价的特点及其与环境影响评价的区别,在此基础上得出了对环境风险评价内容的认识。     

围产期二英暴露对学龄前儿童类固醇激素的影响

为揭示围产期二噁英(PCDD/DFs)暴露对学龄前儿童类固醇激素水平的影响.采用液相色谱-质谱联用法(LC-MS/MS)及高分辨气相色谱法/高分辨质谱联用法(HRGC/HRMS)分析二噁英污染地区5岁儿童(n=37)及非污染地区5岁儿童(n=44)血清中8种类固醇激素水平及母乳中17种二噁英同系物浓度.结果显示污染地区男孩血清中睾酮、双氢睾酮、脱氢表雄酮的水平明显低于非污染地区(p0.05).污染地区女孩血清中睾酮、双氢睾酮、脱氢表雄酮、17α-羟孕酮、孕酮的水平明显低于非污染地区(p0.05).上述类固醇激素与部分二噁英同系物浓度存在显著性负相关.以上结果表明围产期二■英暴露导致学龄前儿童类固醇激素水平降低.     

基于hzsB功能基因研究典型湿地沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌的群落结构

采用基于厌氧氨氧化细菌功能基因hzs B(联氨合成酶关键基因)PCR扩增的高通量测序,研究了典型湿地沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌的群落结构.结果表明,沿纬度梯度分布的10个典型湿地沉积物样品的测序序列经处理后共得到190578条序列,在90%的相似度下聚类得到77个OTUs.基因丰度值显示,10个样品的基因拷贝数在5.42×10~4~4.20×10~6copies·g~(-1)之间.群落组成结果表明,在典型湿地沉积物中,序列主要隶属于‘Ca.Brocadia’(54.09%)、‘Ca.Jettenia’(30.97%)、‘Ca.Kuenenia’(6.95%)、‘Ca.Scalindua’(7.91%).相对丰度结果显示,各样点的主导菌属有差别.多样性分析(OTUs水平)表明,在本研究的湿地沉积物中,低纬度样点的多样性普遍高于高纬度样点.PCo A分析(OTUs水平)表明,各湿地样点厌氧氨氧化细菌的群落组成表现出明显的差异性.相关性分析(α=0.10)表明,在典型湿地沉积物中,厌氧氨氧化细菌的丰度与有机质、总氮、总碳、总硫呈负相关.冗余分析表明,‘Ca.Jettenia’与NH_4~+显著正相关,‘Ca.Scalindua’与盐度显著正相关,‘Ca.Kuenenia’在所有测定理化因子中与盐度的正相关性最显著.综上,针对厌氧氨氧化细菌hzs B功能基因扩增进行高通量测序较好地揭示了典型湿地沉积物中厌氧氨氧化细菌的多样性、群落组成及其与环境因子的关系.