树皮在大气有机氯农药监测中应用的研究进展

有机氯农药(Organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)曾在全世界被大量使用,即使禁用多年,仍能在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人体健康存在着潜在的威胁。因此OCPs的环境迁移和归趋一直是该领域的研究热点。树皮是一种天然的被动采样器,能够很好的反映出大气有机物长期的污染程度。本文简要论述了树皮作为被动采样器在大气污染物监测研究中应用的优势,并对OCPs在树皮中的残留浓度、特征及影响其富集的因素进行了探讨,最后特别针对具有手性的OCPs在树皮中的对映体选择性特征进行了评述。     

水体和沉积物加标法评估BPAP对摇蚊的毒性

为了研究水体加标法和沉积物加标法摇蚊毒性测试的差异,采用水体和沉积物加标法对比测试了双酚AP(BPAP)对伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)全生命周期的繁殖发育毒性。实验结果表明,在水体添加法摇蚊全生命周期毒性试验中,60~900μg·L-1BPAP处理组对两代摇蚊的羽化率、发育率、性别比和繁殖力均无显著影响(P>0.05);而在沉积物添加法试验中,3 200μg·kg-1及更高浓度处理组亲代羽化率和子代羽化率、发育率显著降低(P<0.05)。水体加标法和沉积物加标法得到的BPAP对摇蚊两代发育、繁殖无显著影响浓度(NOEC)分别为≥900μg·L-1和1 600μg·kg-1(即0.00070‰和0.00035‰,以BPAP在水-沉积物系统所占质量比计)。因此BPAP沉积物添加法对摇蚊的繁殖发育毒性效应大于水体添加法。在化学品危害评估中,摇蚊慢性毒性测试方法或数据的选择应考虑实际环境中该化学品进入水-沉积物系统的方式。     

A review of waste prevention through 3R under the concept of circular economy in China

The large waste generation has become one of the worldwide environmental problems. Circular economy has been seen as a way to tackle its urgent problems of environmental degradation and source scarcity. In recent years, under the concepts of circular economy, waste prevention through “Reduce, Reuse and Recycle” (3R) rules have attracted a broad concern in China. China has made some great achievements on waste management, and at the same time is facing many challenges. It is very necessary to share the management experiences and practices with the scholars and managers in other countries. This review covered the current situation and progress of circular economy development from the perspective of the legal regime and project practices, and the recycling practices of typical waste. The typical household wastes, including municipal solid wastes (MSW), e-waste, and end of life vehicles (ELV), were studied as the typical cases. Based on an examination of the statistical results, we also identified the potential problems and challenges for waste prevention through 3R in China. Finally, we provided some effective measures to further improve the waste management and recycling in China.     

并流加料沉淀法处理含铜锌废水同时形成类水滑石污泥

分别采用传统沉淀法和并流加料沉淀法处理含铜锌废水,考察了废水进样速率、废水pH、搅拌速率对重金属离子残留质量浓度的影响。采用FTIR、XRD和SEM表征了所得污泥的物相和形貌。实验结果表明:并流加料沉淀法所得滤液中Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Al3+的质量浓度远低于传统沉淀法;在废水进样速率1.0 mL/min、废水pH 9、搅拌速率500 r/min的最佳工艺条件下,滤液中Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)基本没有残留,Al3+质量浓度仅为0.2 mg/L,达到工业排放标准;所得污泥结晶度良好,为类水滑石Cu_3Zn_3Al_2(OH)_(16)CO_3·4H_2O(PDF#37-0629)结构。     

混凝—Fenton法深度处理维生素B12废水

采用混凝—Fenton法深度处理维生素B12废水,考察各操作参数对COD和色度去除效果的影响。实验结果表明：当混凝pH 4.5、聚合硫酸铁加入量300 mg/L、氧化pH 4.0、H2O2加入量420 mg/L、FeSO4?7H2O加入量334 mg/L、Fenton反应时间3 h时,混凝—Fenton法对维生素B12废水的深度处理效果较好,总COD和总色度的去除率分别为62.1%和90.0%;与Fenton法相比,混凝—Fenton法COD和色度去除率的提高率分别为17.4%和13.8%,且药剂成本降低了21.6%。     

Occurrence and abundance of tetracycline,sulfonamide resistance genes,and class 1 integron in five wastewater treatment plants

To understand the transport and fate of antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment plants, 12 resistance genes (ten tetracycline resistance genes, two sulfonamides genes) and class 1 integron gene (intI1) were studied in five wastewater treatment plants with different treatment processes and different sewage sources. Among these resistance genes, sulfonamides genes (sul1 and sul2) were of the most prevalent genes with detection frequency of 100 %. The effluent water contained fewer types of resistance genes than the influent in most selected plants. The abundance of five quantified resistance genes (tetG, tetW, tetX, sul1, and intI1) decreased in effluent of plants treating domestic or industrial wastewater with anaerobic/aerobic or membrane bioreactor (MBR) technologies, but tetG, tetX, sul1, and intI1 increased along the treatment units of plants treating vitamin C production wastewater by anaerobic/aerobic technology. In plant treating cephalosporins production wastewater by UASB/aerobic process, the quantities of tetG, tetX, and sul1 first decreased in anaerobic effluent water but then increased in aerobic effluent water.     

A novel dismantling process of waste printed circuit boards using water-soluble ionic liquid

Recycling processes for waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) have been well established in terms of scientific research and field pilots. However, current dismantling procedures for WPCBs have restricted the recycling process, due to their low efficiency and negative impacts on environmental and human health. This work aimed to seek an environmental-friendly dismantling process through heating with water-soluble ionic liquid to separate electronic components and tin solder from two main types of WPCBs—cathode ray tubes and computer mainframes. The work systematically investigates the influence factors, heating mechanism, and optimal parameters for opening solder connections on WPCBs during the dismantling process, and addresses its environmental performance and economic assessment. The results obtained demonstrate that the optimal temperature, retention time, and turbulence resulting from impeller rotation during the dismantling process, were 250 °C, 12 min, and 45 rpm, respectively. Nearly 90% of the electronic components were separated from the WPCBs under the optimal experimental conditions. This novel process offers the possibility of large industrial-scale operations for separating electronic components and recovering tin solder, and for a more efficient and environmentally sound process for WPCBs recycling.     

突发事件的不同演化模式研究

突发事件的发生常常伴随着次生事件,形成连锁反应,造成重大的人员伤亡和经济损失。从系统的角度出发,研究了各类突发事件之间的不同关联,分析了突发事件演化的不同模式,提出了突发事件点、链、网、超网间的4层演化模式框架,并针对突发事件的不同演化模式进行了分析;最后通过实例说明了突发事件的4种演化模式。研究结论对于预防灾害的扩大,以及灾害的宏观预警具有一定的意义。     

SBR法处理选矿废水的影响因素研究

为考察硫化矿浮选废水生物降解效能,采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)研究浮选废水的降解能力,探讨不同的运行条件对苯胺黑药、黄药及乙硫氮去除效果的影响。结果表明:经过24 d的培养驯化,浮选药剂的降解达到预期效果;SBR在HRT为2 h,pH在6～7之间,葡萄糖投加量为0.1 g/L时,降解效果达到最佳;除此以外活性污泥对硫化物承受浓度可达到120 mg/L。     

NaClO2/NaClO复合吸收液同时脱硫脱硝

针对NaClO2氧化吸收法脱硫脱硝成本过高,难以实现工业化的现状,提出了以NaClO2/NaClO为复合吸收剂的同时脱硫脱硝新方法,比单独NaClO2方法效率高,成本低。考虑实际工况条件,给定SO2与NO的初始浓度分别为2 850 mg/m3和670 mg/m3。结果表明,吸收液初始pH为6.0,液气比L/G为20 L/m3,反应温度为55℃时,平均脱硫脱硝效率分别可达99.8%和94.0%。在此基础上对反应机理进行了分析,总结出实验反应主反应方程式。该方法设备简约,操作简单,容易实现全自动控制,综合成本可以接受,比较适合中小型燃煤锅炉的烟气污染治理。