固相微萃取(SPME)技术在水质监测中的应用

固相微萃取技术(SPME)作为一种样品前处理技术,具有方便、快捷、不使用有机溶剂、灵敏度高、价格低廉等优点,已被广泛地应用于环境样品的分析.本文综合评述了采用SPME法预处理环境水体中的有机物、无机离子等污染物的监测情况,并对SPME法在环境水质监测中的应用以及对国外的研究进展进行了展望.     

Effects of landfill leachate effluent and bisphenol A on glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes in the gills and digestive glands of the freshwater snail Bellamya purificata

Environmental contaminants with estrogenic activity have recently attracted attention due to their potential detrimental effects on the reproduction of human and wildlife. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of endogenous glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes as biomarkers of exposure to landfill leachate effluent and bisphenol A (BPA) in the freshwater snail, Bellamya purificata. Following exposure to 1%, 5% and 10% landfill leachate effluent and 1, 10, 50 and 100mugl(-1) BPA for 0, 2, 7 and 15d, activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) and levels of total glutathione were measured in the gills and digestive glands of the snails. GST and total glutathione were the most sensitive parameters in both exposure scenarios. GST activities increased by about 80%, while total glutathione decreased to 70% and 80% in the gills and digestive glands, respectively. In contrast, SeGPx and GR activities remained at the same levels in all the treatment groups compared with those of controls. The results indicated that among glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes, GST activity and total glutathione level, which showed dose-dependent dynamics, could be used as biomarkers of aquatic ecosystems contaminated with landfill leachate.     

城市生态安全多层次灰色综合评价

从城市生态安全的基本内涵出发,根据压力(pressure)-状态(state)-响应(response)模型,从生态系统压力、生态系统状况、生态系统响应3方面构建一个4层次的城市生态安全评价指标体系,运用灰色系统理论,构建了城市生态安全多层次灰色综合评价模型,并结合实例进行计算。评价结果与实际情况基本相符,表明该模型能有效地利用评价指标的信息,所给出的综合评价值既能用于描述所评价城市的生态安全状况,亦可对不同城市的生态安全状况进行比较,对更加科学合理地评价城市生态安全状况具有参考价值。     

两种生物配体模型(BLM)预测Zn对大型蚤急性毒性的比较

通过天津地区一系列景观水体和配制的模拟溶液,评价应用于大型蚤(Daphnia magna)毒性预测的两种急性Zn-生物配体(BLM)模型(模型A和模型B)的预测能力.采用Visual MINTEQ 2.5.2进行BLM的相关计算和金属形态分析.对一定水化学参数的测定表明,根据Zn对大型蚤的急性毒性数据建立的模型B能够在Zn的生态风险评价中考虑其生物有效性,预测结果准确;以鱼类为对象开发并下调LA50后应用于水蚤毒性预测的模型A的预测值普遍高于实测值.可见,通过调整LA50拓展模型适用性的方法过于简单,还有待进一步研究.     

煤矿粉尘监测与矿尘成分分析

目的: 监测煤矿井下粉尘浓度,评价煤矿粉尘危害水平;分析煤尘的组成成份,为探讨粉尘性职业损害机制提供依据.方法: 运用粉尘采样器采集煤尘,计算作业场所瞬时总粉尘浓度(PC-STEL)和时间加权平均呼吸性粉尘浓度(PC-TWA).运用焦磷酸质量法测定煤矿粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量.原子吸收光谱法,测定粉尘中主要金属与类金属元素含量.结果: (1)甲、乙两矿PC-STEL分别为13.61±17.65 mg/m3、39.35±148.10 mg/m3,超过国家标准,样本超标率分别为52.9%、55.8%;PC-TWA分别为3.20±8.42 mg/m3、2.15±2.07 mg/m3,超标率分别17.5%和30.2%.(2) 游离二氧化硅含量为9.60 mg/m3,甲矿显著高于乙矿#(P<0.05),岩巷作业显著高于其它各组(P<0.05).(3)粉尘中Ni、Pb、Mn、As、Cd、Fe、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu等金属与类金属元素的含量分别为16.2±6.5μg/g、50.6±36.1μg/g、103.4±54.7μg/g、37.5±44.4μg/g、235.9±292.4ng/ml、6224.6±4295.5μg/g、12715.8±26930.8μg/g、919.7±915.4μg/g、656.7±774.5μg/g和28.2±12.8μg/g;不同煤矿粉尘中金属与类金属元素的含量显著不同,同一煤矿不同采样点(工种)间亦有显著差异.结论: 煤矿作业场所粉尘污染仍比较严重,应进一步完善防、降尘体系;10种金属与类金属元素的含量占总粉尘的2.1%.     

Improvements of nano-SiO2 on sludge/fly ash mortar

Sewage sludge ash has been widely applied to cementitious materials. In this study, in order to determine effects of nano-SiO(2) additives on properties of sludge/fly ash mortar, different amounts of nano-SiO(2) were added to sludge/fly ash mortar specimens to investigate their physical properties and micro-structures. A water-binding ratio of 0.7 was assigned to the mix. Substitution amounts of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of sludge/fly ash (1:1 ratio) were proposed. Moreover, 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% of nano-SiO(2) was added to the mix. Tests, including SEM and compressive strength, were carried out on mortar specimens cured at 3, 7, and 28 days. Results showed that sludge/fly ash can make the crystals of cement hydration product finer. Moreover, crystals increased after nano-SiO(2) was added. Hence, nano-SiO(2) can improve the effects of sludge/fly ash on the hydration of mortar. Further, due to the low pozzolanic reaction active index of sludge ash, early compressive strengths of sludge/fly ash mortar were decreased. Yet, nano-SiO(2) could help produce hydration crystals, which implies that the addition of nano-SiO(2) to mortar can improve the influence of sludge/fly ash on the development of the early strength of the mortar.     

Recycling MSWI bottom and fly ash as raw materials for Portland cement

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash is rich in heavy metals and salts. The disposal of MSWI ash without proper treatment may cause serious environmental problems. Recently, the local cement industry in Taiwan has played an important role in the management of solid wastes because it can utilize various kinds of wastes as either fuels or raw materials. The objective of this study is to assess the possibility of MSWI ash reuse as a raw material for cement production. The ash was first washed with water and acid to remove the chlorides, which could cause serious corrosion in the cement kiln. Various amounts of pre-washed ash were added to replace the clay component of the raw materials for cement production. The allowable limits of chloride in the fly ash and bottom ash were found to be 1.75% and 3.50% respectively. The results indicate that cement production can be a feasible alternative for MSWI ash management. It is also evident that the addition of either fly ash or bottom ash did not have any effect on the compressive strength of the clinker. Cement products conformed to the Chinese National Standard (CNS) of Type II Portland cement with one exception, the setting time of the clinker was much longer.     

Variations of metal distribution in sewage sludge composting

In the study, the variations of heavy metal distributions (of Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) during the sewage sludge composting process were investigated by sequential extraction procedures. The total content of Cu and Zn in the composted mixture increased after the composting process. Mn and Zn were mainly found in mobile fractions (exchangeable fraction (F1), carbonate fraction (F2), and Fe/Mn oxide fraction (F3)). Cu and Pb were strongly associated with the stable fractions (organic matter/sulfides fraction (F4) and residual fraction (F5)). These five metal fractions were used to calculate the metal mobility (bioavailability) in the sewage sludge and composted mixture. The mobility (bioavailability) of Mn, Pb, and Zn (but not Cu) increased during the composting process. The metal mobility in the composted mixture ranked in the following order: Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu.