Effects of typical algae species (Aphanizomenon flosaquae and Microcystis aeruginosa) on photoreduction of Hg2+ in water body

Photoreduction characteristics of divalent inorganic mercury(Hg~(2+)) in the presence of specific algae species are still not well known. Laboratory experiments were conducted in the present study to identify the effects of different concentrations of living/dead algae species, including Aphanizomenon flosaquae(AF) and Microcystis aeruginosa(MA), on the photoreduction rate of Hg~(2+)under various light conditions. The experimental results showed that percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was significantly influenced by radiation wavelengths, and dramatically decreased with the presence of algae. The highest percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was induced by UV-A, followed by UV-B, visible light and dark for both living and dead AF, and the order was dark UV-A UV-B visible light for both living and dead MA. There were two aspects, i.e., energy and attenuation rate of light radiation and excrementitious generated from algae metabolisms, were involved in the processes of Hg~(2+)photoreduction with the presence of algae under different light conditions. The percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)decreased from 15% to 11% when living and dead AF concentrations increased by 10 times(from 106 to 105 cells/mL), and decreased from 11% to ～ 9% in the case of living and dead MA increased. Algae can adsorb Hg~(2+)and decrease the concentration of free Hg~(2+), thus inhibiting Hg~(2+)photoreduction, especially under the conditions with high concentrations of algae. No significant differences were found in percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)between living and dead treatments of algae species.The results are of great importance for understanding the role of algae in Hg~(2+)photoreduction.     

Changes in distribution and microstructure of bauxite residue aggregates following amendments addition

Bauxite residue is a highly alkaline byproduct which is routinely discarded at residue disposal areas. Improving soil formation process to revegetate the special degraded lands is a promising strategy for sustainable management of the refining industry. A laboratory incubation experiment was used to evaluate the effects of gypsum and vermicompost on stable aggregate formation of bauxite residue. Aggregate size distribution was quantified by fractal theory, whilst residue microstructure was determined by scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography. Amendments addition increased the content of macro-aggregates( 250 μm) and enhanced aggregate stability of bauxite residue. Following gypsum and vermicompost addition, fractal dimension decreased from 2.84 to 2.77, which indicated a more homogeneous distribution of aggregate particles. Images from scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional microstructure demonstrated that amendments stimulate the formation of improved structure in residue aggregates. Pore parameters including porosity, pore throat surface area, path length, and path tortuosity increased under amendment additions. Changes in aggregate size distribution and microstructure of bauxite residue indicated that additions of gypsum and vermicompost were beneficial to physical condition of bauxite residue which may enhance the ease of vegetation.     

基于边际治理成本的环境保护税税率标准探究与政策建议

税负水平是税收调节作用的重要因素,各地区需要科学地制定符合本地区发展水平的环境保护税税率来平衡环境保护与经济发展.基于2016年东北某省14个市的钢铁、电力、化工、水泥行业的排污及治理成本数据,建立污染削减费用函数模型,计算该省大气、水中主要污染物的边际治理成本,并设置不同环境保护税税率的情景方案,以探究环境保护税税率对该省经济发展的影响.结果表明:①SO₂、NO_x、COD、NH₃-N的边际治理成本分别为3.44、5.03、3.81、8.15元/污染当量. ②重点行业主要污染物的边际治理成本不同,钢铁行业主要污染物的边际治理成本较高,其COD、NH₃-N的边际治理成本均高于总体边际治理成本;化工行业的COD边际治理成本高于总体边际治理成本;电力行业的大气主要污染物边际治理成本高于总体边际治理成本;水泥行业的大气主要污染物边际治理成本则相对较低. ③适当提高环境保护税税率对经济发展总体影响不大.研究显示:该省的边际治理成本远高于目前的环境保护税征收标准,若以边际治理成本作为环境保护税税率,不但会增加企业负担,而且会导致不同行业的边际治理成本相差较大,因此,建议提高该省的环境保护税税率标准,即大气污染物征收标准为2.4元/污染当量,水污染物征收标准为2.8元/污染当量,并设置环境保护税税率的行业差异化,将有利于政策功能的发挥.      

从信息化赋能到综合赋能：智慧国土空间规划思路探索

党的十九大报告明确的“智慧社会”建设目标,对当前国土空间规划工作的开展提出了新的要求。如今,以互联网、大数据、云计算等为主的信息化技术赋能是当前国土空间规划智慧化的主要动力与发展重点,而如何理解并推进智慧社会发展则是智慧编制与实施国土空间规划的重要基础。人地关系和地域生命有机体理论是智慧社会下国土空间规划与治理的理论与方法基础,需要从信息化赋能向包含技术赋能与创新赋能的综合赋能理念转变,探讨智慧国土空间规划的总体思路,进而构建以生态文明为基础、以人为本为核心、技术集成应用和制度创新为支撑的智慧国土空间规划框架（EPTI）,并探讨规划编制的智慧化以及规划实施的智慧化。     

基于我国人群胃肠消化特征的土壤中As的人体可给性研究

基于我国人群胃肠消化特征,采用医学配方模拟胃肠消化方法测试了来自大连、湖南和广西的13个受重金属污染土壤中As的人体可给性,分析了土壤理化参数与可给性的相关关系及提取液中酶、胃肠液pH值、提取时间对As的人体可给性的影响.结果表明,医学配方可给性测试中,供试土样在胃、肠阶段As的人体可给性分别为5.03%~44.54%和10.77%~51.46%,平均值为18.08%、29.32%.胃阶段As的可给性浓度与土壤中总As含量w（TAs）、总P含量w（TP）极显著正相关,与总Al含量w（TAl）、土壤pH值、总有机质含量w（TOM）显著相关;肠阶段As的可给性浓度与土壤中w（TAs）、胃阶段As的可给性浓度、w（TP）极显著相关,与土壤pH值、w（TAl）和w（TOM）显著相关.胃阶段提取液中的胃蛋白酶显著降低了As的可给性,而肠阶段添加胰蛋白酶As的可给性没有明显变化.胃、肠阶段分别在pH值为0.9和5.0时可给性最大,0.9和5.0可分别作为土壤As在可给性测试过程中模拟胃肠液的pH值.胃、肠阶段在提取时间分别为1.0h、4.0h时可给性达到最大,且之后基本不变,1.0h、4.0h可作为模拟测试As在胃肠中可给性的提取时间.研究结果表明开展基于我国人群胃肠消化特征的土壤重金属人体可给性测试方法具有重要意义.     

Application of interface material and effects of oxygen gradient on the performance of single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells (SSMFCs)

Single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells(SSMFCs) have received considerable attention nowadays because of their unique dual-functionality of power generation and enhancement of wastewater treatment performance. Thus, scaling up or upgrading SSMFCs for enhanced and efficient performance is a highly crucial task. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, an innovative physical technique of using interface layers with four different pore sizes embedded in the middle of SSMFCs was utilized in this study.Experimental results showed that the performance of SSMFCs employing an interface layer was improved regardless of the pore size of the interface material, compared to those without such layers. The use of an interface layer resulted in a positive and significant effect on the performance of SSMFCs because of the effective prevention of oxygen diffusion from the cathode to the anode. Nevertheless, when a smaller pore size interface was utilized, better power performance and COD degradation were observed. A maximum power density of 0.032 mW/m~2 and COD degradation of 47.3% were obtained in the case of an interface pore size of 0.28 μm. The findings in this study are of significance to promote the future practical application of SSMFCs in wastewater treatment plants.     

Effect of air masses motion on the rapid change of aerosols in marine atmosphere

The impact of air masses motion on marine aerosol properties was investigated using an on-board single particle mass spectrometer(SPAMS) deployed for the determination of single particle size resolved chemical composition over Southeast China Sea. Two aerosol blooms(E1 and E2) were observed during the cruise. High average particle number count occurred in E1(7320), followed by E2(5850), which was more than 100–150 times of the average particle number count during normal periods. Particles were classified as four major sources, including continental source, shipping source, marine source, and transport source based on the mass spectral similarity. Transport source was identified as those particles with high particle number count occurred only during aerosol bloom period. Three sub-types of EC-Ca, OC-Ca, and Al-rich were classified as transport source.EC-Ca was the dominant particles of the transport source, accounting for more than 70%of the total particles in aerosol bloom events. A uni-modal size distribution in the size range of 0.1–2.0 μm was observed during normal period, while a bimodal distribution with a tiny mode(0.3 μm) and a coarse mode between 0.4 and 0.6 μm was present during aerosol bloom. The variation of aerosol source is consistent with air masses back trajectories, for the reason that most of the long-range air trajectories are from the ocean,while short air trajectories originate in the continental regions, which means that air masses have a significant impact on the aerosol physical–chemical properties along their tracks.     

利用薄片穿透法确定铝合金最大蚀坑深度

目的研究铝合金最大蚀坑深度与环境试验时间的对应关系,为新型合金服役前的耐蚀性评级和结构件服役过程中的剩余寿命预测提供技术基础。方法利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜分析海洋大气环境中新型铝合金的腐蚀类型,并利用薄片穿透法研究铝合金薄片最大蚀坑深度与试验时间的对应关系。结果经过海洋大气环境暴露试验后,2A97铝合金发生了深入合金内部的严重点蚀,检测薄片试样背面电解液的出现时间,可以确定环境试验中蚀坑穿透薄片试样的时间。通过测量不同厚度薄片试样的穿透时间,可以确定最快生长局部腐蚀点的深度和时间的关系。结论中性盐雾试验环境下,达到相同的最大蚀坑深度,2A97铝合金与AA2024铝合金用时基本相当。     

浅海平台油气火灾事故模拟评估应用

全球海洋油气开发重特大火灾事故频发,油气生产安全面临严峻挑战,以我国浅海某中心平台组为研究对象,对可能发生的三相分离器喷射火火灾、管线交叉处喷射火火灾、生产平台池火火灾以及储罐平台池火火灾,采用FDS软件建立该平台组的火灾动力学模型,对油气泄漏后火灾的发展态势、火场温度、热辐射强度、设备温度以及不同火灾工况的对比分析,研究火灾发生后对人员伤害,以及平台上油气管线、分离器、油气储罐、平台栈桥等重要设备安全性的影响,并提出操作人员和重要设备的安全距离。针对火灾事故风险控制提出建议措施,对海上火灾风险分析未来研究方向进行阐述。