Direct evidence of trophic interactions among apex predators in the Late Triassic of western North America

Hypotheses of feeding behaviors and community structure are testable with rare direct evidence of trophic interactions in the fossil record (e.g., bite marks). We present evidence of four predation, scavenging, and/or interspecific fighting events involving two large paracrocodylomorphs (=‘rauisuchians’) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (～220–210 Ma). The larger femur preserves a rare history of interactions with multiple actors prior to and after death of this ～8–9-m individual. A large embedded tooth crown and punctures, all of which display reaction tissue formed through healing, record evidence of a failed attack on this individual. The second paracrocodylomorph femur exhibits four unhealed bite marks, indicating the animal either did not survive the attack or was scavenged soon after death. The combination of character states observed (e.g., morphology of the embedded tooth, ‘D’-shaped punctures, evidence of bicarination of the marking teeth, spacing of potentially serial marks) indicates that large phytosaurs were actors in both cases. Our analysis of these specimens demonstrates phytosaurs targeted large paracrocodylomorphs in these Late Triassic ecosystems. Previous distinctions between ‘aquatic’ and ‘terrestrial’ Late Triassic trophic structures were overly simplistic and built upon mistaken paleoecological assumptions; we show they were intimately connected at the highest trophic levels. Our data also support that size cannot be the sole factor in determining trophic status. Furthermore, these marks provide an opportunity to start exploring the seemingly unbalanced terrestrial ecosystems from the Late Triassic of North America, in which large carnivores far outnumber herbivores in terms of both abundance and diversity.     

共存氯苯类同系物对六氯苯厌氧降解活性的影响

微生物厌氧降解六氯苯已经成为国内外六氯苯污染土壤修复技术研发的前沿和热点.研究了在不同的初始pH值、反应温度及固液比等环境条件下,3种共存氯苯类同系物五氯苯、1,2,4,5-四氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯对染料厂污染土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解活性的影响.结果表明,在降解过程中,共存氯苯类同系物的累积对六氯苯的厌氧降解产生了反馈抑制作用,影响了六氯苯的降解活性,且在不同的环境条件下,累积规律不同,反馈抑制作用不同.反应的初始pH值较低时,五氯苯的的反馈抑制作用更突出,反应的初始pH值较高时,1,2,4-三氯苯的反馈抑制作用更突出;常温下,五氯苯的反馈抑制作用更突出,较高温度下,1,2,4-三氯苯的反馈抑制作用更突出;固液比越小,五氯苯的反馈抑制作用越突出.因此,针对性地采取提高低氯苯类同系物降解活性的措施,降低共存低氯苯类同系物在六氯苯厌氧降解过程中的累积,不失为提高污染土壤中六氯苯降解率的一种好的选择.     

纳米Fe0粒子对产乙烯脱卤菌群脱氯性能和多样性影响研究

为探讨纳米Fe0粒子对产乙烯脱卤菌群脱氯性能和物种多样性的影响,采用纳米Fe0粒子与产乙烯脱卤菌群联合脱氯,并通过气相色谱、PCR-DGGE和TEM等技术手段进行相关表征.结果表明:当纳米Fe0粒子浓度为0~0.50 g·L-1时,体系的脱氯速率提高较小,低于40%,且菌种数量无明显变化;当其浓度为0.50~1.00 g·L-1时,体系的脱氯速率由0.31μmol·h-1提高到0.77μmol·h-1,体系的脱氯速率提高了60%,部分DGGE条带消失,多样性减少.TEM结果显示,产乙烯脱卤拟球菌在与纳米Fe0粒子接触部位有轻度破损,但细胞没有破裂.纳米Fe0粒子浓度较高时对产乙烯脱卤菌群的脱氯有明显的促进作用,但会使产乙烯脱卤菌群物种多样性减少.     

机动车排气检验机构的环境影响评价研究

机动车排气定期检验机构对周边环境质量的影响虽然不大,但由于大多处在闹市区,贴近敏感人群,其噪声与机动车尾气对市民的影响却不容忽视。通过环境影响评价,分析机动车排气定期检验机构的环境影响特点,并结合机动车排气定期检验业务流程,对机动车排气定期检验机构的整体规划与布局提出合理建议,对噪声与大气污染物排放提出有效控制措施,不仅可以有效控制机动车排气定期检验机构对周边大气环境质量的影响,也能有效减小噪声对周边市民日常生活的影响。     

A One Year Study on the Concentrations of Norovirus and Enteric Adenoviruses in Wastewater and A Surface Drinking Water Source in Norway

Enteric viruses transmitted via the faecal-oral route occur in high concentrations in wastewater and may contaminate drinking water sources and cause disease. In order to quantify enteric adenovirus and norovirus genotypes I and II (GI and GII) impacting a drinking source in Norway, samples of surface water (52), wastewater inlet (64) and outlet (59) were collected between January 2011 and April 2012. Samples were concentrated in two steps, using an electropositive disc filter and polyethylene glycol precipitation, followed by nucleic acid extraction and analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Virus was detected in 47/52 (90.4 %) of surface water, 59/64 (92 %) of wastewater inlet and 55/59 (93 %) of wastewater outlet samples. Norovirus GI occurred in the highest concentrations in surface water (2.51e + 04) and adenovirus in wastewater (2.15e + 07). While adenovirus was the most frequently detected in all matrices, norovirus GI was more frequently detected in surface water and norovirus GII in wastewater. This study is the first in Norway to monitor both sewage and a drinking water source in parallel, and confirms the year-round presence of norovirus and adenovirus in a Norwegian drinking water source.     

上海降水中氢氧同位素特征及与ENSO的关系

基于收集2014年8月至2015年8月上海70个降水样品,分析上海降水同位素特征与温度、降水量的相关关系,分析不同时间尺度下降水中δ~(18)O、氘盈余与ENSO事件的联系.结果表明上海地区大气降水中δD与δ~(18)O冬春较高,夏秋较低.上海大气降水线方程截距和斜率比全球降水线方程偏小,可能是因为降水过程中受到不平衡的二次蒸发.在不同的时间尺度下,上海地区降水中δ~(18)O与气温和降水量具有不同的相关关系,冬季存在着较弱的温度效应,而全年呈现出较显著的降水量效应,受大气环流过程影响明显.取样期间,降水中δ~(18)O与d值(过量氘)清晰记录了La Ni1a向El Ni1o之间的过渡,拉尼娜期间,降水中δ~(18)O与d值偏负;El Ni1o期间,δ~(18)O与d值偏正.     

Waste landfill plant and waste disposal plant efficiencies in China

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - As resident awareness of environmental issues has grown, waste disposal has become an important part of urban environmental governance. Most...     

Alteration of dominant cyanobacteria in different bloom periods caused by abiotic factors and species interactions

Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms have drawn public attention because they threaten the safety of water resources and human health worldwide. Heavy cyanobacterial blooms outbreak in Lake Taihu in summer annually and vanish in other months. To find out the factors impacting the cyanobacterial blooms, the present study measured the physicochemical parameters of water and investigated the composition of microbial community using the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer amplicon sequencing in the months with or without bloom. The most interesting finding is that two major cyanobacteria, Planktothrix and Microcystis, dramatically alternated during a cyanobacterial bloom in 2016, which is less mentioned in previous studies. When the temperature of the water began increasing in July, Planktothrix appeared first and showed as a superior competitor for M. aeruginosa in NO₃^?-rich conditions. Microcystis became the dominant genus when the water temperature increased further in August. Laboratory experiments confirmed the influence of temperature and the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) form on the growth of Planktothrix and Microcystis in a co-culture system. Besides, species interactions between cyanobacteria and non-cyanobacterial microorganisms, especially the prokaryotes, also played a key role in the alteration of Planktothrix and Microcystis. The present study exhibited the alteration of two dominant cyanobacteria in the different bloom periods caused by the temperature, TDN forms as well as the species interactions. These results helped the better understanding of cyanobacterial blooms and the factors which contribute to them.     

悄然退变的祁连山

由于全球气候的变暖和日益加剧的人为活动影响,祁连山及其周边的生态环境正在快速恶化。冰川退缩。雪线上升,森林和植被减少,动植物资源正面临重重危机……山系生态全面退化祁连山海拔3000—5000米,主峰团结峰海拔5826．8米。山系海拔4300米以上均终年积雪,并分布有2860条     

常温袋除尘在电石炉除尘工程的研究与应用

新华结晶硅有限公司2×10 000kVA电石炉除尘项目是一项污染治理项目,该项目结合内蒙古当地的气象条件,利用较少的投资,解决了困扰多年的电石炉烟尘污染问题,同时回收的粉尘又有较高的利用价值,取得了较好的经济效益.