热处理对脱水污泥溶解特性及厌氧消化性能的影响

分别对脱水污泥在100、130和170℃条件下进行热处理,研究热处理对脱水污泥溶解特性的影响。此外,在半连续式完全混合反应器中进行厌氧消化实验研究不同热处理污泥的厌氧消化性能。实验结果表明,在100、130和170℃条件下,污泥COD溶解率由处理前的5.23%分别提高至20.08%、22.50%和27.20%,脱水污泥热处理规律和效果与高含水率污泥(总固体含量<5%)基本一致。经130℃2 h和170℃30 min高温热处理后污泥甲烷产率显著提高,较原泥分别提高24.64%和38.61%,沼气中甲烷含量稍有降低。     

复采煤层孔隙结构变化及自燃特性研究

为了研究复采煤层的自燃发火规律,采用程序升温实验与低温液氮吸附实验,对复采与原生煤样的孔隙结构和自燃特性进行实验研究。研究表明,由于复采煤样前期的开采破坏,复采煤样的微孔以及小孔所占百分比增大4.395%,比表面积是原生煤样的1.48倍。复采与原生煤样均出现滞后现象,但在相同压力时,复采煤样剩余吸附量与吸附量之差要大于原生煤样,复采煤样最大吸附量也要多于原生煤样。此外,复采煤样也拥有更多墨水瓶孔,最终导致复采煤样吸附氧的能力要大于原生煤样,氧化反应更加剧烈,更易自燃发火。宏观表现为复采煤样产生的CO浓度以及耗氧速率均高于原生煤样。     

Characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 in the coastal urban agglomeration along the Western Taiwan Strait Region,China

PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 aerosol samples were collected in four seasons during November 2010, January, April, and August 2011 at 13 urban/suburban sites and one background site in Western Taiwan Straits Region (WTSR), which is the coastal area with rapid urbanization, high population density, and deteriorating air quality. The 10 days average PM_2.5 concentrations were 92.92, 51.96, 74.48, and 89.69 μg/m³ in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, exceeding the Chinese ambient air quality standard for annual average value of PM_2.5 (grade II, 35 μg/m³). Temporal distribution of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in PM_2.5 was coincident with PM_2.5 mass concentrations, showing highest in spring, lowest in summer, and middle in autumn and winter. WSIIs took considerable proportion (42.2～50.1 %) in PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10. Generally, urban/suburban sites had obviously suffered severer pollution of fine particles compared with the background site. The WSIIs concentrations and characteristics were closely related to the local anthropogenic activities and natural environment, urban sites in cities with higher urbanization level, or sites with weaker diffuse condition suffered severer WSIIs pollution. Fossil fuel combustion, traffic emissions, crustal/soil dust, municipal constructions, and sea salt and biomass burnings were the major potential sources of WSIIs in PM_2.5 in WTSR according to the result of principal component analysis.     

Characterization of HCHs and DDTs in urban dustfall and prediction of soil burden in a metropolis-Beijing, China

The concentrations, spatial distribution and compositional patterns of extensively used hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in urban dustfall in a metropolis-Beijing are presented in this paper. The potential sources are discussed and soil burdens are predicted based on the fluxes. The hotspots in commercial areas are identified by spatial distribution maps and the fractional value isomers indicates that dustfall in urban Beijing are affected by both current and historical usage of DDTs. It is worth noticing that there is possible application "dicofol-type of DDTs" in Beijing. The measured atmospheric deposition flux is 1.14×10(5) ng h(-1) m(-2) for HCHs and 1.47×10(5) ng h(-1) m(-2) for DDTs, respectively. However, when compared with atmospheric deposition flux, the volatilization flux estimated from concentrations in soils by fugacity model is significantly lower for HCHs (2.41 ng h(-1) m(-2)) and DDTs (0.07 ng h(-1) m(-2)). The net atmospheric flux to the soil suggests that the levels of HCHs and DDTs in soil are dominated by atmospheric deposition and the urban soil in Beijing would be a sink for HCHs and DDTs in the long term.     

盐度对活性污泥硝化功能的影响

利用批量试验研究了盐度对常规活性污泥(非耐盐污泥)硝化功能的影响;通过逐步提高试验水的NaCl浓度驯化活性污泥,考察了驯化污泥的硝化功能;并进一步研究了适应于某NaCl浓度的耐盐硝化菌在受到盐度冲击时,其硝化功能的变化.结果表明,常规活性污泥中的硝化菌对盐度较敏感,当试验水中的NaCl质量浓度达到10.0 g/L时,污泥比硝化速率降低86%;通过逐步提高试验水的NaCl浓度对活性污泥进行长期驯化,可以驯化出耐盐硝化菌,耐盐污泥的比硝化速率接近于常规活性污泥的比硝化速率;适应于某NaCl浓度的耐盐硝化菌在受到盐度冲击时,NaCl浓度突然增加会对其产生更强的抑制作用.