Toxicological effects involved in risk assessment of rare earth lanthanum on roots of Vicia faba L. seedlings

Combined chemical analyses and biological measurements were utilized to investigate potential toxicological effects and possible mechanisms involved in risk assessment of rare earth elements (REEs) on Vicia faba L. seedlings, which were hydroponically cultivated and exposed to various concentrations of lanthanum (La) for 15 days. The results showed that La contents in both the solution and roots increased with the increase of extraneous La, contributing to hormetic dose responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and endoprotease (EP) isozymes activities, and HSP 70 production enhanced at low doses but suppressed at higher doses of La. These physiological responses constituted antioxidant and detoxification systems against La-induced oxidative stress. The elevated La levels also contributed to oxidatively modified proteins, which were most responsible for subsequent cell death and growth retardation of the roots. By combination of hormetic and traditional threshold dose levels, the threshold dose range was deduced to be 108-195 μg La/g dry weight in the roots, corresponding to 0.90-3.12 mg/L of soluble La in the culture solution. It suggests that persistent applications of REEs may lead to potential ecological risk in the environment.     

元谋干热河谷植物功能性状组合的海拔梯度响应

植物功能性状能够显示对环境变化的响应,不同的适应对策呈现出不同的功能性状组合。干热河谷地区水分是最主要的限制性环境因子,之前的大部分研究都是集中关注于干热河谷局部地段,对于从垂直海拔上来研究不同植物在环境梯度下的变化的研究较少。干热河谷地区由于梵风效应,水分胁迫沿海拔梯度发生变化,一般表现为随海拔高度升高,气温降低,湿度和降水量增加,而蒸发量减小,辐射增强。以云南元谋干热河谷4个海拔梯度（1491.33、1730.20、1850.00、1925.57 m）中的植物为研究对象,选取叶片干物质含量（LDMC）、叶面积（LA）、比叶面积（SLA）、叶片厚度（LT）和叶密度（LD）5个功能性状,研究它们的相互关系,比较了海拔间的差异。结果表明：1）5个功能性状在不同海拔间均呈现出一定差异,变异系数由高到低为LD>LA>SLA>LT>LDMC（分别是101%、64%、56%、41%和19%）;方差分析结果也表明,5个功能性状在不同海拔之间差异显著（F=56.218,P<0.01;F=7.829,P<0.01;F=11.21,P<0.01;F=7.429,P<0.01;F=19.213,P<0.01）,尤其是在最低（1491.33 mm）和最高（1927.57 mm）海拔之间,各性状均具有极显著的差异;2）性状之间存在组合关系, LD与其他性状间相关性最为明显,除LDMC以外,LD与LA、SLA、LT均呈现出极显著负相关关系;LDMC与LA和LT呈极显著负相关;SLA与LA和LT呈正相关,而与LDMC显著负相关;LT与SLA显著正相关,与LA之间相关性不显著;3）在不同的海拔梯度之间,性状组合存在非同步变化现象。研究显示,元谋干热河谷地区,植物对水分环境的海拔梯度变化产生功能性状组合的响应,低海拔和高海拔物种对所处环境的适应策略不同,使得植物在海拔梯度上出现叶片功能性状组合的分化和差异。     

Spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen pollution in Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, Zhejiang, China

Water quality has degraded dramatically in Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, Zhejiang, China, especially due to rapid economic development since 1995. This paper aims to assess spatial and temporal variations of the main pollutants (NH??-N, TN, BOD(5), COD(Mn), DO) of water quality in Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, using the geographic information system, cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that concentrations of BOD(5), COD(Mn), NH??-N, and TN were significantly higher in tertiary rivers than in primary and secondary rivers. From April 2006 to March 2007, the concentrations of NH? ?-N (2.25-57.9 mg/L) and TN (3.78-70.4 mg/L) in all samples exceeded Type V national water quality standards (≥2 mg/L), while 5.3% of all COD(Mn) (1.83-27.5 mg/L) and 33.6% of all BOD(5) (0.34-50.4 mg/L) samples exceeded Type V national water quality standards (COD(Mn)?≥ 15 mg/L, BOD(5)?≥ 10 mg/L). Monthly changes of pollutant concentrations did not show a clear pattern, but correlation analysis indicated that NH??-N and TN in tertiary rivers had a significant negative correlation with 5-day cumulative rainfall and monthly rainfall, while there were no significant correlations in primary and secondary rivers. The results of CA and spatial analysis showed that the northern part of Wen-Rui Tang River watershed was the most seriously polluted. This region is characterized by the high population density and industrial and commercial activities. The PCA and spatial analysis indicated that the degraded water quality is caused by anthropogenic activities and poor wastewater management.     

基于模糊综合评价法的污水处理行业绩效评价研究

为弥补污水处理行业绩效评价方法的空白,从污水处理行业发展模型出发,构建了污水处理行业绩效评价指标体系,包含行业发展外部环境和行业现状与效益两个指标体系,采用层次分析法确定了指标权重,采用模糊综合评价法对2009年-2011年国内污水处理行业开展了绩效评价研究.评价结果表明,2009年-2011年期间,污水处理行业绩效越来越好,但仍有发展的空间,为进一步提高行业绩效,未来应在加大污染治理投资、做好污水处理设施与城镇建设的同步发展、加大技术研发投入等方面采用强有力的措施.     

制备条件对硅胶负载氧化锆吸附除氟的影响

应用浸渍法制备了硅胶负载氧化锆除氟吸附剂,研究了焙烧温度、硅胶粒度、浸渍时间、浸渍温度、浸渍液浓度、浸渍固液比和浸渍次数等制备参数对吸附剂吸附容量的影响.实验发现焙烧温度有较大影响,450℃焙烧有最大的吸附量,再升高温度吸附量迅速下降.浸渍可在2h内达到平衡.浸渍温度越高,浸渍液浓度越高,则吸附容量越大.采用较高浓度一次浸渍优于低浓度多次浸渍.硅胶粒度和浸渍固液比也影响吸附量,粒度越大吸附量越小,粒度小于0.25mm后吸附量趋于稳定.     

国内外雨水、污水和中水在城市绿地系统中的应用进展及发展现状

由于人口增加,城市化程度加快,水资源短缺日趋加剧,文章依据可持续发展理念,提出雨水、污水和中水在城市绿地系统中的应用,对指导城市供水、用水、节水、污水处理和水资源保护,促进城市水系统的良性循环有重要作用;指出它能充分发挥生产潜力,使资源最佳化,非常适合建设节约型城市,具有广阔的应用前景;并对国内外雨水、污水和中水在城市绿地系统中的应用方法及相关实例进行了综述,是环境保护中最具说服力的应用事例,旨在使人们形成节约资源、尊重自然的生态观念。     

高压水射流冲击煤体损伤的数值模拟研究

为研究高压水射流破煤过程中煤体的损伤状态及压力的分布状态,论文采用J-H-C含损伤本构模型,水射流采用Bridgman状态方程,通过拉格朗日-欧拉有限元法模拟计算高压水射流冲击煤体的损伤机制,得出了煤体在高压水射流冲击作用下不同时刻的损伤变化情况。结果表明,煤体在高压水射流作用下,在接触点两边形成"肺叶状"负压力区,煤体所受压力逐渐减小;冲击速度和产生的损伤随时间变化逐渐减小,损伤主要集中于坑洞底部。     

LNG槽车泄漏事故风险模拟研究

阐述了LNG槽车的危险特性,分析了LNG槽车发生泄漏后的事故危害过程,得出LNG槽车泄漏危害事故的模式主要有闪火、喷射火、蒸气云爆炸以及沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸;针对不同泄漏口面积和泄漏速度,利用风险评价软件模拟LNG槽车发生泄漏产生喷射火、蒸气云爆炸及沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸3种事故模式的后果,得出各种事故模式的危害半径。模拟结果可为LNG槽车事故预防和应急救援提供参考。     

基于UNMIX模型的北京城区公园土壤重金属源解析

城市公园是城市环境中重要的生态功能区和人们的主要公共娱乐休闲场所.为了分析北京城区公园的土壤环境质量,采集了北京城区121个公园土壤样本,分析了5种重金属（Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd）的含量水平,并采用UNMIX模型对上述重金属进行源解析.结果表明:①北京城区公园土壤中w（Cr）、w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）、w（Cd）的平均值分别为63.57、35.49、36.43、145.68、0.49 mg/kg.除w（Cr）外,w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）、w（Cd）的平均值均高于区域背景值.5种重金属含量均未超过GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》中的筛选值,说明北京城区公园土壤环境质量整体状况良好.②城市化时间和公园存续时间是影响重金属累积的重要因素.城市中心区重金属积累是历史和高负荷交通共同影响的结果.③源解析分析显示,北京城区公园土壤重金属存在三大污染源,其中,源1对w（Cr）的贡献占主导作用,为土壤母质和特殊工业源,贡献率为21.38%;源2对w（Cd）的贡献高于其他重金属,为工农业混合源,贡献率为35.43%;源3对w（Cu）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）的贡献较高,为交通源,贡献率为43.19%.研究显示,历史上的工农业活动是北京城市公园土壤重金属的重要来源.      

Technical feasibility study of an onshore ballast water treatment system

To fulfill the requirements of Guidelines for approval of ballast water management system (G8), a set of onshore ballast water treatment equipment utilizing micro-pore ceramic filtration (MPCF) and UV radiation (MPCF&UV) system was designed and set up with a maximum flow rate of 80 m³·h⁻¹. Technical feasibilities of MPCF&UV system were evaluated in three areas: removal efficiencies of indicator organism and oceanic bacteria, perdurability of a ceramic filter, and application on native seawater. The results showed that no indicator organism (Dunaliella) or oceanic bacteria was detected after treatment of 20 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3×10⁴ μW·s·cm⁻². A 20 L ceramic filter can run continuously for 5.3 h at the flow rate of 15 m³·h⁻¹ before its pressure drop up to 0.195 MPa. The removal percentage of total plankton amounts were 91.9% at a flow rate of 70 m³·h⁻¹ by 80 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3×10⁴ μW·s·cm⁻².