川西亚高山3个优势树种细根形态特征

林木细根(直径2 mm)拥有庞大而复杂的分枝系统,在森林生态系统养分循环过程中发挥重要作用,因此研究不同树种细根构型形态对树种地下生态位分离、共存和森林生态系统功能过程具有重要意义.选取川西亚高山3个优势树种——岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)、粗枝云杉(Picea asperate)和红桦(Butula albosinensis),采用挖掘法采集完整的细根根系,依据根序分级方法,测定细根形态参数(直径、根长、比根长和比表面积).结果表明:细根形态在不同根序间差异显著,3个树种细根直径、根长随根序的升高而升高,比根长和比表面积随序级的升高而降低.不同树种间细根形态也表现出极显著差异,岷江冷杉、粗枝云杉和红桦细直径变化范围分别为0.31-0.85 mm、0.29-0.65 mm和0.23-0.55 mm,两个针叶树种(岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉)直径与根长均大于红桦.红桦的比根长和比表面积则高于两个针叶树种.综上所述,低级别根吸收能力更强而构建消耗更低;红桦比岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉根系吸收能力更强.     

天宝岩国家级自然保护区4种类型泥炭藓沼泽植被组成及其与环境因子的关系

基于野外样地调查资料,运用主成分分析(PCA)与冗余分析(RDA)等方法,研究天宝岩国家级自然保护区4种类型泥炭藓沼泽(泥炭藓类型、水竹类型、垂穗石松类型和灯芯草类型)的植被组成、物种多样性特征及其与土壤层和苔藓枯落物层环境因子的相关性.结果表明:研究区内共有植物28科41属44种,4种类型泥炭藓沼泽的物种组成差异性较大,但科属种的分布比较均匀;植物区系分析发现,天宝岩泥炭沼泽植被区系主要由泛热带分布型和北温带分布型2类构成;PCA结果显示,同种类型泥炭藓沼泽各样地的分布较为集中,个别样地分布比较分散,但4种类型泥炭藓沼泽样地之间的差异较大,PCA二维排序图清晰显示了4种类型泥炭藓群落与环境因子之间的相关性;而RDA表明,土壤容重、木本层盖度、土壤自然含水量和苔藓枯落物层最大持水率成为影响其植被组成的主要环境因子,这些因子能够显著解释物种多样性变化的最小组合.本研究结果表明,不同类型泥炭藓沼泽物种组成对环境因子的响应有差异,而环境水分特征是影响其植物组成分异的主要驱动力.     

川西亚高山3种森林土壤碳氮磷及微生物生物量特征

以空间代替时间的方法,对川西亚高山天然针叶林、桦木次生林、人工云杉林有机层和矿质层土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量以及土壤微生物生物量和呼吸进行比较分析.结果表明,天然针叶林转化为次生林和人工林,土壤有机层碳、氮、磷,微生物生物量碳、氮含量及微生物呼吸均显著下降,其中微生物生物量碳依次为天然林(727.98 mg/kg)次生林(554.56 mg/kg)人工林(239.83 mg/kg),微生物生物量氮为天然林(72.56 mg/kg)次生林(50.42 mg/kg)人工林(20.78 mg/kg),而矿质层各测定变量在3个森林群落之间差异基本不显著.各森林群落有机层土壤碳、氮、磷,微生物生物量及呼吸均显著高于矿质层,而碳氮比和微生物生物量碳氮比在土壤层次之间差异不大.相关分析表明,土壤碳、氮、磷及化学计量比及微生物变量之间存在显著相关关系.综上所述,森林转换显著影响川西亚高山土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量及微生物生物量,且影响主要体现在土壤有机层.     

纳米铜颗粒的种间毒性关系

纳米颗粒的种间毒性关系尚无明确结论,因此很难判断纳米颗粒对未进行毒性测试的物种的风险如何。本文作者将5种水蚤(Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, Daphnia galeata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chydorus sphaericus)暴露于4种不同粒径的纳米铜颗粒(CuNPs)和1种亚微米铜颗粒的悬浊液中,考察物种的形态特征与CuNPs急性毒性的关系。结果显示,杆状的CuNPs比球状的CuNPs毒性更低。纳米铜颗粒与溶出铜离子均对CuNPs的毒性有贡献,其中,当新生蚤的体长、体表面积和身体体积更小时,5种悬浊液中颗粒的毒性更大。5种蚤的身体体积与5种CuNPs的毒性显著相关(r_adj²>0.51, p < 0.001),78-nm CuNPs与蚤身体体积的相关性最好 (r_adj²?=?0.95, p < 0.001)。这个研究可以为纳米颗粒对有相似外形特征的物种进行毒性种间外推提供线索。
精选自Lan Song, Martina G. Vijver, Geert R. de Snoo and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Assessing toxicity of copper nanoparticles across five cladoceran species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3000
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3000/full     

马拉硫磷和百菌清胁迫下斑马鱼行为变化的研究

以马拉硫磷和百菌清为胁迫因子,本文研究了2种污染物暴露下斑马鱼行为强度的变化。首先通过急性毒性试验确定了2种农药对斑马鱼24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死浓度(LC50),其次以LC50-48 h为1个染毒单位(TU),在0.01 TU、0.1 TU、0.5 TU、1 TU、2 TU 5个条件下,本文开展了斑马鱼行为学研究。结果显示,48 h马拉硫磷暴露斑马鱼的LC50为5 mg·L~(-1),百菌清暴露斑马鱼的LC50为0.01 mg·L~(-1)。随着污染物浓度增大,综合行为强度变化幅度增大。在设置的暴露浓度下,斑马鱼的行为强度在急剧增大或减小后都出现了明显的调节适应过程,基本符合环境压力模型。通过比较在不同频率下的影响强度,马拉硫磷和百菌清暴露斑马鱼摆鳍所受影响最大。本研究提示,水质监测中可增加斑马鱼摆鳍观察指标。     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响,受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别,包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示,腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性,并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷,这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触,使毒性降低;2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出,而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

Online single particle analysis of chemical composition and mixing state of crop straw burning particles: from laboratory study to field measurement

Fresh straw burning (SB) particles were generated in the laboratory by the combustion of rice straw and corn straw. The chemical composition and mixing state of the fresh SB particles were investigated by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS). Based on the mass spectral patterns, the SB particles were clustered into four major types: Salt, Organic Carbon (OC), Elemental Carbon (EC), and internally mixed particles of EC and OC (EC-OC). In addition, particles containing ash, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or nicotine were also observed. Physical and chemical changes of the SB particles immediately after the emission were analyzed with highly time-resolved data. During the aging processes, the average particle size increased steadily. Freshly emitted organic compounds were gradually oxidized to more oxygenated compounds in the OC-containing particles. Meanwhile, an important displacement reaction (2KCl+ SO42−→ K₂SO₄ + 2Cl⁻) was observed. The marker ions for SB particles were optimized and applied to identify the SB particles in the ambient atmosphere. The fluctuation of the number fraction of ambient SB particles sorted by ATOFMS agrees well with that of water soluble K⁺ measured by an online ion chromatography, demonstrating that the optimized marker ions could be good tracers for SB particles in field measurements.     

Nitrogen recovery from wastewater using microbial fuel cells

Nitrogen is one of major contaminants in wastewater; however, nitrogen, as bio-elements for crop growth, is the indispensable fertilizer in agriculture. In this study, two-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were first operated with microorganisms in anode chamber and potassium ferricyanide as catholyte. After being successfully startup, the two-chamber MFCs were re-constructed to three-chamber MFCs which were used to recover the NO3−−N and NH4+−N of synthetic wastewater into value-added nitrogenous fertilizer from cathode chamber and anode chamber, respectively. Ferric nitrate was used as the sole electron acceptor in cathode, which also was used to evaluate the NO3−−N recover efficiency in the case major anion of NO3− in cathode. The output voltage of these MFCs was about 600–700 mV at an external load of 500 Ω. About 47% NH4+−N in anode chamber and 83% NO3−−N in cathode chamber could be recovered. Higher current density can selectively improve the recovery efficiency of both NH4+−N and NO3−−N. The study demonstrated a nitrogen recovery process from synthetic wastewater using three-chamber MFCs.     

土壤铜植物毒害的不同评价终点和室内外测定差别研究

本论文对山东陵县、湖南祁阳和浙江嘉兴3种性质差异较大的土壤上进行的室内外的土壤外源铜(Cu)的植物毒性试验结果进行了比较。结果发现3种室内评价终点(大麦根长、西红柿和小白菜苗期生物量)和田间植物(玉米、小麦、水稻和油菜产量)对土壤中Cu毒性的敏感性存在较大的差异。大麦根伸长和小白菜生物量法高估了土壤中Cu对田间小麦、玉米和水稻产量的毒害,而室内西红柿生物量法则低估了土壤中Cu对田间小麦、玉米和水稻产量的毒害。小白菜和田间油菜的敏感性接近,可以用室内小白菜苗期生物量作为土壤中Cu对田间油菜产量毒性评价的植物。当采用相同植物比较时,陵县小麦、祁阳玉米和嘉兴油菜的室内苗期值可以作为土壤Cu对相同田间植物产量的毒害作用(EC_(10))的评价指标。但是,室内苗期毒害指标会低估Cu对田间祁阳小麦和高估嘉兴水稻的毒害作用,说明土壤Cu植物毒害室内外测定的差别受土壤和植物的影响。