试论清洁生产在循环经济发展中的地位和作用

清洁生产和循环经济概念都是在经济高速增长﹑资源大量消耗﹑环境污染日益严重的情况下出现的,其目的都是实现可持续发展战略,实现经济与环境协调发展.两者既有相同之处也存在着不同之处,在具体实施过程中如果对其关系没有清楚的认识,就会造成概念的混乱,实践的错位,既冲击清洁生产的实施,也不利于循环经济的健康展开.文章阐述了两者的关系以及企业清洁生产在循环经济发展中的地位和作用.     

煤炭资源型城市循环经济发展研究

黑龙江省的鹤岗﹑双鸭山﹑七台河﹑鸡西是全国著名的资源型城市,这些城市为全国提供了大量的煤炭资源,为经济的发展做出了很大的贡献,当前在大力发展循环经济方面,这些城市作了许多探索和实践,取得了许多宝贵的经验,煤炭资源型城市发展循环经济大有可为,但从其发展情况来看,现在仍存在着一些问题阻碍和制约了循环经济的发展,我们通过对这四个煤炭资源型城市发展循环经济的现状和存在问题的调研,提出了资源型城市循环经济发展的对策和建议.     

TiO2纳米粒子光催化降解室内挥发性有机污染物苯的研究

利用溶胶凝胶法制备了纳米TiO2粒子。通过X射线粉末衍射分析，晶相为锐钛矿和金红石混晶，晶粒尺寸约为13nm。以苯为目标污染物，研究了不同的苯初始浓度、氧气、催化剂的用量以及光源强度和波长对光催化效率的影响。结果发现，氧气可以提高光催化降解苯的效率；无论在有氧条件还是无氧条件下，随着苯初始浓度的降低，光催化效率升高；光源的强度和波长对光催化效率具有影响；对于光催化降解0．70μg／cm^3苯而言，最佳的TiO2投入量为0.1g。     

TiO2纳米粒子光催化降解室内挥发性有机污染物苯的研究

利用溶胶凝胶法制备了纳米TiO2粒子.通过X射线粉末衍射分析,晶相为锐钛矿和金红石混晶,晶粒尺寸约为13 nm.以苯为目标污染物,研究了不同的苯初始浓度、氧气、催化剂的用量以及光源强度和波长对光催化效率的影响.结果发现,氧气可以提高光催化降解苯的效率;无论在有氧条件还是无氧条件下,随着苯初始浓度的降低,光催化效率升高;光源的强度和波长对光催化效率具有影响;对于光催化降解0.70μg/cm3苯而言,最佳的TiO2投入量为0.1g.     

Transient species in the ozonolysis of tetramethylethene

The reaction of alkenes with ozone has great effect on atmospheric oxidation, its transient species can produce OH radicals and contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). In the present study, the reaction of tetramethylethene (TME) with ozone was investigated using self-assembled low temperature matrix isolation system. The TME and ozone were co-deposited on a salt plate at 15 K, and then slowly warmed up the plate. The first transient species primary ozonide (POZ) was detected, indicating that the reaction followed Criegee mechanism. Then POZ began to decompose at 180 K. However, secondary ozonide (SOZ) was not observed according to Criegee mechanism. Probably, Criegee Intermediate (CI) did not react with inert carbonyl of acetone, but with remaining TME formed tetra-methyl epoxide (EPO).     

Study of ciprofloxacin removal by biochar obtained from used tea leaves

In this study,used tea leaves(UTLs) were pyrolyzed to obtain used tea-leaf biochar(UTC),and then the UTC was used as an adsorbent to remove ciprofloxacin(CIP) from aqueous solutions.Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the CIP adsorption performance and mechanism.The results showed that the CIP-adsorbing ability first increased and then declined as the UTC pyrolysis temperature increased.The UTC obtained at 450°C presented excellent CIP-absorbing ability at p H 6 and 40°C.The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 238.10 mg/g based on the Langmuir isotherm model.The pseudo-second-order kinetic equation agreed well with the CIP adsorption process,which was controlled by both external boundary layer diffusion and intra-particle diffusion.The characterization analysis revealed that the \OH groups,C_C bonds of aromatic rings,C\H groups in aromatic rings and phenolic C\O bonds play vital roles in the CIP adsorption process,and that the N\C,N\O,O\C_O and C\OH groups of UTC were consumed in large quantities.π–π interactions,hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction are inferred as the main adsorption mechanisms.The present work provides not only a feasible and promising approach for UTLs utilization but also a potential adsorbent material for removing high concentrations of CIP from aqueous solutions.     

Using X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual particle surface area, volume, and morphology towards investigating atmospheric heterogeneous reactions

Heterogeneous reactions on the aerosol particle surface in the atmosphere play important roles in air pollution, climate change, and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the reported uptake coefficients of heterogeneous reactions usually have large variations and may not be relevant to real atmospheric conditions. One of the major reasons for this is the use of bulk samples in laboratory experiments, while particles in the atmosphere are suspended individually. A number of technologies have been developed recently to study heterogeneous reactions on the surfaces of individual particles. Precise measurements on the reactive surface area, volume, and morphology of individual particles are necessary for calculating the uptake coefficient, quantifying reactants and products, and understanding the reaction mechanism better. In this study, for the first time we used synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography(XCT) and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual CaCO_3 particle morphology, with sizes ranging from 3.5–6.5 μm. Particle surface area and volume were calculated using a reconstruction method based on software threedimensional(3-D) rendering. The XCT was first validated with high-resolution fieldemission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) to acquire accurate CaCO_3 particle surface area and volume estimates. Our results showed an average difference of only 6.1% in surface area and 3.2% in volume measured either by micro-Raman spectrometry or X-ray tomography. X-ray tomography and FE-SEM can provide more morphological details of individual Ca CO3 particles than micro-Raman spectrometry. This study demonstrated that X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry can precisely measure the surface area, volume, and morphology of an individual particle.     

分子筛在铅污染土壤修复中的应用研究

采用溶液试验,从待选钝化材料中初步筛选出对Pb具有较好钝化效果的钝化材料,运用经典混料设计的试验方法,将优选出的13X分子筛、凹凸棒土、粉煤灰三种钝化材料复配成钝化剂,添加到Pb含量为1 500mg/kg的污染土中,添加量为污染土的20％,并保持土壤的含水率35％,3天后取钝化后土壤,采用(HJ/T 300-2007)(固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法醋酸缓冲溶液法)测其浸出液中的重金属Pb含量,采用Minitab软件对混料设计试验数据进行处理,优选出钝化重金属Pb的最佳钝化剂配方:分子筛25％,凹凸棒土42.6％,粉煤灰32.4％,钝化后浸出液中重金属Pb含量为0.027 1 mg/L,明显低于地表水质量标准的Ⅲ类标准0.05 mg/L.     

石油污染土壤的原位生物修复技术和多种土壤改良剂应用研究

土壤中的石油污染是一类严重的环境危害.针对石油污染的土壤修复技术有物理法、化学法和生物法.其中原位生物修复法由于简易性和生态可持续等优点成为了具有前景的一个发展方向.土壤改良剂的选取和添加是原位生物修复法中重要的一个部分,对生物修复的改进起到了至关重要的作用.土壤改良剂的种类有无机改良剂、有机改良剂和吸附性改良剂.以N、P、K为主的无机改良剂主要为生物生长提供营养元素;有机改良剂则可提高石油污染物流动性,提供生物碳源;吸附改良剂则通过吸附污染物,减少毒性,提供生物生长依附.通过对不同种类改良剂的分析和讨论,可为生物修复发展提供进一步的理论基础.     

改良模糊综合评价法在水质评价中的应用

基于传统模糊综合评价法原理,通过对评价指标选择、权重确定、模糊运算分析三个环节进行改良,建立了一种分辨率高、简便有效的地表水质量评价模型,并将其应用于辽河流域的水质评价中。改良后的模糊综合评价法能够更实际、更客观地反映多指标共同作用下的地面水环境质量状况,这为制定水环境宏观决策提供了必要的科学参考。