The need for long-term stream monitoring programs in forest ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest

Concepts, planning and design procedures are examined that are needed in the development of long-term stream monitoring programs in forested regions. A long-term stream monitoring program is viewed as the key component for bringing together management organizations, researchers and decision-makers to improve the management of natural resources. The keystones of such ecosystem monitoring are long-term data records that provide the basis for analysis of environmental assessment objectives, predictions and analysis of outcomes which in-turn can be used to modify and improve future projects. Management organizations that initiate long-term monitoring programs are urged to use monitoring actions and information to facilitate decision-making processes that pertain to conserving and allocating resources for future beneficial uses. Recommendations are provided for careful planning and definition of interactive activities of monitoring programs and that should provide information feedbacks that can be used to evaluate issues pertaining to beneficial uses of resources. Procedural requirements and literature sources are suggested for developing long-term stream monitoring programs. They include reviews of background and historical information to provide precise definitions of long-term objectives, planning considerations and monitoring methods. Examples are given of specific procedures that need to be identified during the planning process. They include the application of management standards to variable conditions encountered within natural ecosystems and the detection of the timing of recovery phases of stream ecosystem development following a disturbance. These procedures are viewed as being essential for improving applications of management standards and perceived thresholds to stream and watershed ecosystems monitoring programs.     

Polycyclic aromatic compounds in Northwest Atlantic COD (Gadus morhua)

Twenty-seven polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles were analysed in muscle, liver and ovaries of cod (Gadus morhua) from the Northwest Atlantic. These PAC include the 16 PAH priority pollutants (EPA recommendation), alkylated naphthalenes, phenanthrene-anthracenes as well as dibenzothiophenes (DBT). Aromatics were undetectable in muscle. One of the analysed PAC was detected in one ovary and six in another ovary sample. Liver samples contained between 1 and 9 PAC. Of the parental PAH, only acenapthene (18 ng/g, dry weight), fluorene (28 ng/g) and chrysene (22 ng/g) were detected once each in two liver samples, while fluorene (72 ng/g) was detected once in one of the ovaries. C-2 DBT was the major component in ovaries and liver (8-86 ng/g), while C-3 and C-4 alkylated phenanthrene-anthracene (12-78 ng/g) were the next major components detected in the liver samples. This is the first detailed study of PAH and PAC in finfish from the Northwest Atlantic.     

Comparison of allozyme and mitochondrial DNA spatial differentiation in the limpet Patella vulgata

Allozyme and restriction enzyme analysis of mtDNA was used to study variation in samples from British populations of the marine limpet Patella vulgata in two regions. South Wales and Northeast England. Allozyme analysis revealed significant differences in allele frequencies among samples. However F _ST (population differentiation) values were no higher between than within regions, indicating that genetic heterogeneity was localised and not related to geographic separation. For mtDNA, samples from South Wales exhibited higher haplotype diversity values than samples from Northeast England. In addition there were substantial differences in the haplotype distribution between regions. The value of , the haploid analogoue of F _ST , was low within regions (=0.09) but high between regions (=0.44). The estimated difference in migration rate for allozymes and mtDNA exceed the neutral expectation, unless it is assumed that there are influential differences in the magnitude of female and male gametic dispersal.     

Marginal bleaching of thalli of Rhizocarpon as evidence for acid rain in the Norra Storfjället, Sweden

Recent lichen surveys in the foreland of The Syterb?cken glacier reveal that the crustose lichens, principally species of Rhizocarpon section Rhizocarpon, exhibit marginal bleaching, readily distinguishable from normal pigmented forms. The largest elliptical thallus of Rhizocarpon measured 290 mm maximum diameter on a bedrock outcrop beyond the margin of Little Ice Age moraines in the upper Syterb?cken Valley. Many small and large thalli of Rhizocarpon suffered damage to the periphery of individual thalli. We examine here some of the possible hypotheses explaining these occurrences. Among others, these are bedrock lithology, ice crystal blasting, long-term snowbank cover, ultraviolet exposure and acid rain. While at this time none of the possibilities can be ruled out entirely, acid rain would appear to be at least one of the factors involved. Acid rain, which is known to produce a soil pH as low as 3.3 in the field area, appears to provide a high input of H(+) ions that the lichen algal component cannot withstand. However, the lack of similar effects on associated foliose or fruticose forms raises the possibility that perhaps two or more factors specific to the environment of Rhizocarpon are operating.     

执行国际协定的限制因素:博茨瓦纳执行《蒙特利尔议定书》的情况

本文分析了在博茨瓦纳有效执行<蒙特利尔议定书>中遇到的困难;并就在发展中国家执行国际协定问题时如何向决策者提出建议提供了一个总的认识.对臭氧耗损物质(ODSs)的正式和非正式用户进行的问卷调查表明:所散发的有关ODSs的信息,对于用户们选择制冷气体几乎没有什么影响,而且这个信息偏向有利于ODSs的正式用户.因此,ODS使用数量的年统计资料可能估计偏低.困难在于,要在短期内从老技术转向新技术,成本较高.回收废气和处理废旧硬件设备的基础设施缺乏或不足.这些问题的解决需要一个全面的政策,它能满足所有ODSs用户的要求;还需要把经济发展与环境保护结合起来进行考虑.     

用好防灾科技学院教育平台创建和弘扬防震减灾文化-恭贺母校升本暨校庆30周年

本文对防震减灾文化的组成、创建动力及其方法进行了探讨.初次提出了防震减灾文化的概念,并对创建防震减灾文化的目的和如何创建、弘扬防震减灾文化提出了看法和观点.     

用好防灾科技学院教育平台 创建和弘扬防震减灾文化——恭贺母校升本暨校庆30周年

本文对防震减灾文化的组成、创建动力及其方法进行了探讨。初次提出了防震减灾文化的概念，并对创建防震减灾文化的目的和如何创建、弘扬防震减灾文化提出了看法和观点。     

区域环评中废水排放量的预测方法研究

阐述了区域环评污染物排放源强的预测原则,对区域开发活动中废水量和COD排放量的预测方法作了详细论述,并以温州滨海新区环评为例作了实证研究.     

金属铁还原降解2,4-二硝基甲苯的实验研究

研究了金属铁对2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)的还原降解情况.实验结果表明,2,4-DNT的还原降解与溶液初始pH值、初始浓度和溶解氧等因素有关.氯离子能消除金属铁的钝化现象.金属铁表面附载的铜对2,4-DNT的还原降解具有催化作用.