一起800kV罐式断路器内部故障原因分析

介绍了一起某变电站7530断路器内部闪络故障,结合现场检查、电气试验、故障录波情况确认故障点,通过气体成分及放电产物分析、故障部件电场仿真等手段综合分析800 kV罐式断路器故障原因,并提出了处理措施及建议。     

A novel approach to estimate and control denitrification performance in activated sludge systems with respirogram technology

Respirogram technology has been widely applied for aerobic process, however, the response of respirogram to anoxic denitrification is still unclear. To reveal such response may help to design a new method for the evaluation of the performance of denitrification. The size distribution of flocs measured at different denitrification moments demonstrated a clear expansion of flocs triggered by denitrification, during which higher specific endogenous and quasi-endogenous respiration rates (SOUR_e and SOUR_q) were also observed. Furthermore, SOUR_q increases exponentially with the specific denitrification rate (SDNR), suggesting that there should be a maximum SDNR in conventional activated sludge systems. Based on these findings, an index R_q/t, defined as the ratio of quasi-endogenous (OUR_q) to maximum respiration rate (OUR_t), is proposed to estimate the denitrification capacity that higher R_q/t indicates higher denitrification potential, which can be readily obtained without complex measurement or analysis, and it offers a novel and promising respirogram-based approach for denitrification estimation and control by taking measures to extend anoxic time to maintain its value at a high level within a certain range.     

嗜水气单胞菌强化老化纳米零价铁去除水中Cr(VI)

基于老化对纳米零价铁（NZVI）去除水中Cr（VI）的不利影响,本研究考察了接种嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）强化老化NZVI对水中Cr（VI）的去除,并分析了溶解氧、温度、pH、Cr（VI）初始浓度对其去除Cr（VI）的影响,同时利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等分析了反应前后材料的形貌特征及Cr的价态变化.结果表明,接种嗜水气单胞菌能显著提高无氧条件下老化NZVI对Cr（VI）的去除效果,且在酸性条件和30~40 ℃条件下去除效果较好,可能是因为该条件下更有利于老化NZVI的腐蚀和微生物的生长,此外,Cr（VI）去除效率随Cr（VI）初始浓度升高而降低.在pH=6,温度为30 ℃,老化nZVI投加量为0.1 g·L^-1,Cr（VI）初始浓度为50 mg·L^-1的条件下反应24 h后,Cr（VI）的去除率可达到100%.XPS分析表明,反应后NZVI表面沉积的Cr主要以Cr（III）的形式存在,可能为Cr（OH）₃沉淀或Fe_xCr_1-x（OH）₃共沉淀物.动力学研究发现,Cr（VI）去除过程符合准二级动力学,去除机制为Cr（VI）的吸附、还原与共沉淀,其中以还原作用为主.     

响应面法优化复合微生物吸附剂对低浓度Cr3+的吸附

根据已有4种微生物吸附剂的吸附基团存在的差异特征,将其复配成复合吸附剂,借助统计学方法研究其对低ρ(Cr3+)废水的吸附性能.在单因素试验基础上,利用P-B(Plackett-Burman)法筛选出吸附过程4个主要影响因素分别为pH,初始ρ(Cr3+)及微生物吸附剂XB和TQ的投加量,应用最陡爬坡试验接近主要因素最优水平,采用Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面分析得到对低浓度Cr3+吸附过程的二阶模型.结果表明,最优吸附条件为pH 4.0,初始ρ(Cr3+)为4.86mg/L,XB和TQ的投加量分别为0.20和0.13 g/L,实际吸附率达到87.54%,与理论预测值(87.68%)接近,且高出单一吸附剂吸附率7.79%～17.35%.FT-IR扫描显示,复合微生物吸附剂性能提高与表面基团增多有关.通过响应面分析法优化复合微生物吸附,吸附性能明显提高.     

不同运行模式对同步脱氮除磷CAST工艺快速启动及其稳定维持的影响

以实际生活污水为处理对象,考察了传统进水/曝气和改良型分段进水的交替缺氧-好氧(A/O)2种运行模式对CAST工艺的快速启动及脱氮除磷性能稳定维持的影响。结果表明,传统进水/曝气运行模式下,系统达到最佳营养物去除性能所需启动时间30 d,稳定运行阶段TN平均去除80.66%,磷的去除率维持在66.30%左右;采用改良型交替运行模式,反应器达到稳定运行状态仅需18 d,系统稳定运行时TN平均去除81.36%,磷去除率稳定维持在90%以上,出水磷浓度在0.3 mg/L以下,出水水质达到国家污水综合排放标准一级A(GB8978-2002)。研究还发现,传统运行模式下,由低温引起的污泥沉降性能变差导致系统污泥严重流失,反应器几乎丧失污染物去除性能;而低温对交替运行模式下的反应器除磷性能几乎没有影响,总氮去除则因氨氮不完全硝化而大大降低。     

混凝土空心楼盖板柱增强节点抗震性能试验研究∗

为研究空心楼盖板柱增强节点的抗震性能,进行了3个板柱节点在低周往复荷载作用下的拟静力试验,对节点的承载能力、开裂模式、破坏形态、滞回曲线、位移延性、刚度退化和耗能能力等进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明：平行布管方式下空心板柱节点的承载力、刚度、耗能能力和刚度退化等抗震性能指标均优于正交布管方式布管下的板柱节点;配置型钢剪力架能显著提高空心楼盖板柱节点承载力与抗震性能,配置弯起钢筋对节点抗震性能提高的作用不明显。建议工程应用时综合考虑空心楼盖板柱节点的抗冲切与抗震需求来选择增强元件,同时根据建筑平面布局和抗侧力结构布置等情况,合理选择空心芯管的布置方向,以提高结构整体抗震性能。研究成果可为采用空心管（或柱状芯材）的空心楼盖板柱结构的研究和应用提供参考。     

基于稳定碳同位素技术的干旱区绿洲土壤有机碳向无机碳的转移

应用稳定碳同位素技术测定土壤无机碳稳定碳同位素组成(soil inorganic carbonδ13C,SICδ13C),并对干旱区绿洲土壤无机碳进行区分,结合土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)与SIC含量关系进一步探讨SOC向SIC转移的碳量.结果表明,4种类型土壤SICδ13C值差异性极显著(P0.01),风沙土SICδ13C值最高且为正,均值为(0.32±0.04)‰,随土层深度增加而增加,说明风沙土原生性碳酸盐占绝对优势;灌漠土、棕漠土和盐碱土SIC的δ13C均值分别(-0.30±0.24)‰、(-1.96±0.66)‰和(-1.24±0.49)‰,随土层变化均呈先降低后逐渐增大的趋势,说明灌漠土原生性碳酸盐占优势,棕漠土和盐碱土发生性碳酸盐相对前者占优势.风沙土、灌漠土、棕漠土和盐碱土的发生性碳酸盐占SIC比例均值分别为1.33%、4.72%、15.01%、35.71%,均小于50%,说明干旱区绿洲土壤发生性碳酸盐比例总体水平较低.风沙土、灌漠土、棕漠土和盐碱土在土壤发生性碳酸盐形成或重结晶过程中固定土壤CO2的量分别为0.30、2.44、4.96、12.40 g·kg~(-1),其中固定来自大气CO2量平均为0.18、0.79、1.45、8.67 g·kg~(-1),来自SOC氧化分解转化为CO2的量分别为0.06、0.83、1.62、1.86g·kg~(-1),说明盐碱土、棕漠土SOC的贡献相对较高,灌漠土、风沙土较低;对土壤固定CO2量的来源比较发现,风沙土、盐碱土固定土壤CO2的量来自大气CO2量较高,SOC的贡献较低,而灌漠土、棕漠土固定来自SOC氧化分解CO2的量较高,大气贡献较低.研究区整体SOC向SIC的碳转移量介于0.03~2.38 g·kg~(-1)之间,平均每千克土壤固定1.09 g的CO2,说明干旱区绿洲土壤发生性碳酸盐所占比例较低,SOC的贡献较少.     

Removal of antibiotic-resistant genes during drinking water treatment: A review

Once contaminate the drinking water source, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) will propagate in drinking water systems and pose a serious risk to human health. Therefore, the drinking water treatment processes (DWTPs) are critical to manage the risks posed by ARGs. This study summarizes the prevalence of ARGs in raw water sources and treated drinking water worldwide. In addition, the removal efficiency of ARGs and related mechanisms by different DWTPs are reviewed. Abiotic and biotic factors that affect ARGs elimination are also discussed. The data on presence of ARGs in drinking water help come to the conclusion that ARGs pollution is prevalent and deserves a high priority. Generally, DWTPs indeed achieve ARGs removal, but some biological treatment processes such as biological activated carbon filtration may promote antibiotic resistance due to the enrichment of ARGs in the biofilm. The finding that disinfection and membrane filtration are superior to other DWTPs adds weight to the advice that DWTPs should adopt multiple disinfection barriers, as well as keep sufficient chlorine residuals to inhibit re-growth of ARGs during subsequent distribution. Mechanistically, DWTPs obtain direct and inderect ARGs reduction through DNA damage and interception of host bacterias of ARGs. Thus, escaping of intracellular ARGs to extracellular environment, induced by DWTPs, should be advoided. This review provides the theoretical support for developping efficient reduction technologies of ARGs. Future study should focus on ARGs controlling in terms of transmissibility or persistence through DWTPs due to their biological related nature and ubiquitous presence of biofilm in the treatment unit.