压缩空气泡沫在长距离管路输送中压降的数值模拟

基于Fluent对压缩空气泡沫在长距离管道中的流动特性进行了数值模拟研究,将压缩空气泡沫近似为弥散流,采用Saplart-Allmaras模型模拟了不同管径下压缩空气泡沫以及不同泡沫原液浓度的AFFF泡沫在长距离管道内的流动及压降变化。模拟结果表明,随着距离变化,各管径管道内压降均呈现线性变化,且随着压缩空气泡沫的流动,压降线性增大。管道管径对管内压降变化具有显著影响,管道直径越小,管道内压降越大;泡沫原液浓度对压降的影响较小,且压缩空气泡沫在长距离输送中的压力随距离线性衰减。将模拟结果与长距离输送的试验结果进行了对比,误差在10%以内。     

深埋水平岩层隧道开挖稳定性分析及控制*

针对深埋高地应力水平岩层掌子面开挖稳定性及支护结构失效问题,以大峡谷隧道为工程背景,通过现场测试、室内试验、数值模拟等方法,探究深埋高地应力水平岩层失稳机理及控制措施。研究结果表明:坚硬岩体被节理面切割后,在高地应力作用下容易发生挤压破碎,破碎岩体遇水发生软化,导致掌子面发生大范围塌方,初支和超前支护失效;隧道开挖后岩层发生不均匀沉降,浅部岩层最先发生弯折破坏,层内块体错动滑移,继而向上方岩层发展,并伴随层间分离和层内裂隙发育,最终形成宏观破裂面;提出的台阶法、2 m开挖进尺、砼喷层、双层小导管、提高初支强度的整体优化控制措施,可有效提高现场支护效果。     

Resident participation in post-Lushan earthquake housing reconstruction: a multi-stage field research method-based inquiry

In April 2013, a 7.0?Mw earthquake struck in Lushan County, Sichuan Province, China, causing serious housing damage. Housing reconstruction is a crucial part of disaster recovery, and resident participation has been recognized as a key part of reconstruction success. This paper examined housing reconstruction resident participation in the post-Lushan earthquake period as a multi-stage problem based on multi-stakeholder collaborative perspectives, which covered emergency shelter, temporary housing and permanent housing stages. Multi-stage field research was conducted in the affected areas, and the residents were found to be fully involved in the reconstruction with a ‘high – medium – high' distribution across the three stages. Resident participation experiences were summarized in terms of previous earthquake education, NGO participation and community-based organization functions, and the reasons discussed, such as civic awareness and civic rights. Problems regarding improper reconstruction and cultural conflicts were also examined and valuable suggestions given.     

规模化农田土壤重金属污染修复的中试试验研究——以某镇土壤污染治理为例

农用地重金属污染长期以来一直是生态环境的热点和难点问题。2017年,对某镇农田土壤重金属污染开展详查,单项污染指数评价结果表明,镉超标率为67.60%(Pi>1),基于内梅罗污染指数法的评价结果显示,57.30%的点位受到不同程度的污染(PN≥1.0);2018年,分别选取钝化修复和植物修复进行中试试验,经钝化修复后土壤有效镉和总镉含量分别平均降低32.73%和5.64%。经超富集植物籽粒笕种植一季修复后,土壤总镉含量降低15%以上。本次中试试验修复效果良好,能为下一阶段的土壤镉污染修复方案的制定和优化提供科学的依据,为全国农用地重金属污染修复提供了有价值的借鉴意义。     

Geostatistical analysis and risk assessment on soil total nitrogen and total soil phosphorus in the Dongting Lake plain area, China

Nonpoint-source pollution and water body eutrophication have become increasing concerns for scientists and policymakers. Nitrogen and phosphorus affect environmental pollution, especially lake eutrophication. To assess the environmental risk of soil total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) pollution, a typical ecological unit of Dongting Lake plain was selected as the experimental site. To verify the stationary of the data, a moving windows technique was adopted. Our results showed that Box-Cox transformation achieved normality in the data set and dampened the effect of outliers. The best theoretical model for semivariogram of TN and TP was a spherical model. The ordinary kriging estimates of TN and TP concentrations were mapped. The integrative comparisons of semivariogram parameters with different trends to the kriging prediction errors of TN and TP indicated that the two-order trend is preferable. Kriging SDs provided valuable information that will increase the accuracy of TN and TP mapping. The probability kriging method is useful to assess the risk of N and P pollution by providing the conditional probability of N and P concentrations exceeding the threshold concentrations of 3.2 and 1.05 g/kg, respectively. The probability distribution of TN and TP at different levels will be helpful to conduct risk assessment, optimize fertilization, and control the pollution of N and P.     

Vegetation and carbon sequestration and their relation to water resources in an inland river basin of Northwest China

In the Heihe River Basin in the arid inland area of northwest China, the distribution of water resources in vegetation landscape zones controls the ecosystems. The carbon sequestration capacity of vegetation is analyzed in relation to water resources and vegetation growing conditions. During the last 20 years, the vegetation ecosystems have degenerated in the Heihe River Basin. Simulation using the C-FIX model indicates that, at present, the total amount of NPP of vegetation accounts for about 18.16 TgC, and the average value is 106 gC/m(2)/yr over the whole basin. NPP has generally the highest value in the upperstream mountain area, middlestream artificial oases area, downstream river bank area, alluvial fan and the terminal lake depression where vegetation grows relatively well. The lowest value is found in the vast downstream desert and Gobi area. Protection of vegetation ecosystems and enhancement of carbon sequestration require such inland river basins as the Heihe River Basin to be brought under management in a comprehensive way, taking water as a key, to carry out a rational and efficient allocation and utilization of water resources.     

Water Hyacinth in China: A Sustainability Science-Based Management Framework

The invasion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has resulted in enormous ecological and economic consequences worldwide. Although the spread of this weed in Africa, Australia, and North America has been well documented, its invasion in China is yet to be fully documented. Here we report that since its introduction about seven decades ago, water hyacinth has infested many water bodies across almost half of China’s territory, causing a decline of native biodiversity, alteration of ecosystem services, deterioration of aquatic environments, and spread of diseases affecting human health. Water hyacinth infestations have also led to enormous economic losses in China by impeding water flows, paralyzing navigation, and damaging irrigation and hydroelectricity facilities. To effectively control the rampage of water hyacinth in China, we propose a sustainability science-based management framework that explicitly incorporates principles from landscape ecology and Integrated Pest Management. This framework emphasizes multiple-scale long-term monitoring and research, integration among different control techniques, combination of control with utilization, and landscape-level adaptive management. Sustainability science represents a new, transdisciplinary paradigm that integrates scientific research, technological innovation, and socioeconomic development of particular regions. Our proposed management framework is aimed to broaden the currently dominant biological control-centered view in China and to illustrate how sustainability science can be used to guide the research and management of water hyacinth.     

基于“人工智能”驱动的农村生活污水系统治理专栏序言

伴随流域水污染控制与治理工作的深入,农村分散生活污水治理逐渐成为制约流域水环境改善的关键.同时,农村生活污水治理是人居环境提升、美丽乡村建设以及乡村振兴战略实施的集中体现,事关广大农村居民的切身利益.本专栏是国家水专项“分散污水治理课题”团队近年来科研成果的总结,从污水治理的全生命周期角度出发,尝试通过人工智能赋能治理模式决策、“菜单式”工艺组合、设施运维与监管、长效管理等4个方面对研究和实践进行了梳理总结,构建基于人工智能驱动的农村生活污水治理决策支持系统,以期为北运河流域以及其他区域农村生活污水治理提供科技支撑.     

电活性生物膜阳极构建及其对2，4，6-三氯酚同步降解和产电

为实现氯酚（CPs）的高效降解和资源化利用,探究微生物燃料电池（MFC）体系优势功能菌,揭示生物降解路径.接种、驯化长春市南郊污水处理厂的厌氧活性污泥,获得生物膜阳极以构筑MFC-2,4,6-TCP体系,基于扫描电子电镜（SEM）、16S rRNA分析测序方法,考察生物膜阳极微生物的附着情况和优势菌种,基于电化学阻抗（EIS）、循环伏安（CV）和线性扫描伏安（LSV）等电化学分析手段,表征生物阳极的电化学性能和氧化还原能力.结果表明,生物膜阳极微生物种类丰富,其中Geobacter和Acinetobacter分别为MFC-2,4,6-TCP体系产电和降解驯化期的优势功能菌,体系最大输出电压可达0.55 V,最大功率密度为428.65 mW·m-2,对2,4,6-TCP的降解和矿化率可达97.5%和85.4%.随着MFC循环次数的增加,微生物代谢途径多样化,产电菌逐渐演替为协同菌,且优势功能菌对2,4,6-TCP降解的中间产物（环己醇）,其毒性远低于氯酚或苯酚,更利于被微生物利用.该结果可为氯酚废水的实际处理提供新策略和技术参考.     

2021年3月14—16日中国北方地区沙尘暴天气过程诊断及沙尘污染输送分析

2021年3月14—16日发生在北方地区的沙尘暴天气过程被认为是近10年来我国出现的最强过程.本文在对此次沙尘暴过程天气学特征分析的基础上,利用 HYSPLIT 模式和 GDAS 资料,运用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,探讨了气候变化背景下沙尘输送源与天气系统的配置关系及本次过程中沙尘污染物PM₁₀质量浓度的潜在源区分布及贡献.结果表明,此次过程由强烈发展的蒙古气旋及冷锋过境,高空槽后冷空气持续补充引起,中高层强斜压性使地面蒙古气旋强烈发展,大风卷扬起的沙尘随上升气流输送到高空,并在偏北大风引导下,影响了我国大范围地区.内蒙古东北部至河套地区的强涡度梯度带、500、700 hPa较高的强冷平流中心与下层的温度平流差异以及交替的上升下沉运动为本次北方地区大范围沙尘暴过程提供了动力、热力及不稳定度条件.本次沙尘天气过程中,影响呼和浩特、北京的沙尘传输通道主要为北偏东路,影响银川的沙尘传输通道为西北路和北路,过程受多沙源传输通道影响.萨彦岭、蒙古国南部戈壁沙漠为本次沙尘天气PM₁₀的主要潜在源区,传输过程中混合内蒙古沙源地沙尘.总体来说,蒙古国南部戈壁沙漠对本次过程PM₁₀质量浓度的贡献最大.