Hydrothermal-treated Pt/Al2O3 as an excellent catalyst for toluene total oxidation

The preparation of highly active supported noble metal catalysts with a low noble metal loading has always been the ultimate goal of researchers working on catalysis. Hydrothermally treated Pt/Al₂O₃ (Pt/Al₂O₃-H) exhibits better catalytic activity than that (Pt/Al₂O₃-C) treated via the conventional calcination approach. At the high space velocity of 100,000 mL/(g∙hr), the temperature that correspond to 50% toluene conversion (T₅₀) of Pt/Al₂O₃-H is 115°C lower than that of Pt/Al₂O₃-C, and the turnover frequency (TOF) value can reach 0.0756 sec⁻¹. The mechanism by which the hydrothermal approach enhances Pt/Al₂O₃ activity has been investigated. The structure associated with the high catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) can be retained via hydrothermal treatment. Furthermore, the support is transformed to AlO(OH) with numerous surface hydroxyl groups, which in turn can facilitate the adsorption of toluene. And the synergistic effects of Pt NPs and AlO(OH) increases the contents of Pt in oxidation state and active oxygen, which are beneficial for toluene oxidation.     

Cultivar-dependent rhizobacteria community and cadmium accumulation in rice: Effects on cadmium availability in soils and iron-plaque formation

The association between the rhizospheric microbial community and Cd accumulation in rice is poorly understood. A field trial was conducted to investigate the different rhizobacterial communities of two rice cultivars with high Cd accumulation (HA) and low Cd accumulation (LA) at four growth stages. Results showed that the Cd content in the roots of the HA cultivar was 1.23 - 27.53 higher than that of the LA cultivar (0.08 - 10.5 µg/plant) at four stages. The LA cultivar had a significantly lower Cd availability in rhizosphere and a higher quantity of iron plaque (IP) on the root surface than the HA cultivar at four stages. This resulted in the reduction of Cd concentration in IPs and Cd translocation from IP-to-root. Microbial analysis indicated that the LA cultivar formed a distinct rhizobacterial community from the HA cultivar and had less α-diversity. The rhizosphere of the LA cultivar was enriched in specific bacterial taxa (e.g., Massilia and Bacillus) involved in Cd immobilization by phosphate precipitation and IP formation by iron oxidization. However, the rhizosphere in the HA cultivar assembled abundant sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Sulfuricurvum) and iron reduction bacteria (Geobacter). They promoted Cd mobilization and reduced IP formation via the metal redox process. This study reveals a potential approach in which specific rhizobacteria decrease or increase Cd accumulation in rice on contaminated soil and provides a new perspective for secure rice production.     

基于UV-Vis辽河保护区地表水DOM的时空分布特征

为探讨辽河保护区地表水中DOM（dissolved organic matter,溶解性有机质）组成、腐殖化程度及时空变化,采集辽河保护区上游至下游及主要支流入辽河干流河口处丰水期和枯水期地表水样品,基于UV-Vis（紫外-可见吸收光谱）揭示地表水中DOM结构组成的时空变化特征. 结果表明:①从季节上看,辽河保护区地表水丰水期DOC（dissolved organic carbon,溶解性有机碳）浓度(11.73 mg/L)高于枯水期(6.76 mg/L),且丰水期DOM中类蛋白质组分相对浓度高于枯水期,而类腐殖质组分的相对浓度较低;从空间上看,辽河保护区支流DOC平均浓度高于干流浓度,且丰水期地表水DOM中类蛋白物质与类腐殖质浓度增加. ②基于UV-Vis特征参数可知,辽河保护区地表水中DOM主要以内源释放为主;从季节上看,丰水期降水量和地表径流增加,DOM的芳香性、分子量、腐殖化水平降低;从空间上看,辽河保护区地表水DOM的腐殖化程度沿河流上游至下游呈现逐渐递减趋势,且支流DOM腐殖化程度较高,具有较高的芳香性及疏水性. 研究显示,河流地表水中DOM的芳香性与分子量大小受周边沿岸生态环境系统、生物条件、土地利用类型等因素影响,不同类型地表水中DOM具有显著差异.      

无居民海岛土地开发适宜性动态评价——以福建平潭大屿岛为例

无居民海岛开发与保护是当前我国国土空间开发与海洋可持续发展的重要议題,开发适宜性评价关乎其开发保护格局的优化。本研究以福建平潭大屿岛为例,采用GIS空间分析技术和层次分析法评估海岛开发前（2014年）和开发后（2019年）的土地开发适宜性动态变化。结果表明,2019年现状开发区域占2014年土地适宜性评价中适宜开发区的43.8%,反映现有开发空间格局尚待优化;对比开发前后,适宜开发位置基本不变,但部分开发前的不适宜开发地区转为开发后的限制开发区,说明2019年以后开发潜力增大。研究结果可为大屿岛的空间用途管制以及我国类似无居民海岛的开发与保护提供借鉴。     

2种防护涂层体系在湿热海洋环境下防护性能的劣化规律研究

目的 研究2种防护涂层体系在湿热海洋环境下自然暴露3 a的防护性能劣化规律。方法 确定试验件为钢–铝(钢)螺接连接件,试验地点为海南万宁,并按周期测得不同暴露时间下涂层A和涂层B的外观形貌、色差、光泽度、表面傅里叶红外光谱、电化学阻抗的相关数据。通过对比分析测试结果,判断2种涂层在不同暴露时间下的劣化程度,并最终得到其劣化规律。结果 涂层A自然暴露1 a老化严重,紧固件区域涂层剥落,平板区域失光率约为75%,阻抗模量降低5个数量级,色差ΔE^*为5(轻微变色),涂层有机基团老化降解严重。涂层B自然暴露2 a,老化较严重,紧固件区域涂层剥落、生锈,平板失光率约为20%,阻抗模量降低2个数量级,色差ΔE^*为11(严重变色),涂层有机基团轻微老化降解。结论 对于螺钉连接结构,连接区域不仅更容易被腐蚀,而且增加了附近平板区域的不一致性。涂层体系B的保护能力优于涂层体系A,涂层体系B的有效保护时间约为2 a,而涂层体系A则不到1 a。     

流域水污染综合防治的生态效益分析

将模糊综合评价和pead生长曲线法引入到流域水污染防治的效益分析当中，建立了流域水污染防治的生态效益分析方法。以云南省寻甸县牛栏江小流域水污染综合防治规划为例，采用模糊数学法对水污染造成的水资源价值损失进行了估算，采用曲线法对水污染综合防治的生态价值进行分析，得刭水资源价值和生态价值分别为2730．3万元／年和491．45万元／年。最后将所有经济效益和费用贴现，计算效费比为3．68。分析结果可知，牛栏江小流域水污染综合防治具有良好的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益。     

基于集对分析法的农田土壤环境质量评价

集对分析是一种新的不确定性分析方法,其联系度概念具有鲜明的辨证性、完整性,使其成为处理不确定性问题的有效方法。农田土壤环境质量受多种因素影响,具有较强的不确定性,因此拟引入集对分析理论,以江汉平原后湖农场为研究对象,应用单因子指数法和集对分析法对其农田土壤环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明,研究区9种单要素污染程度依次为Cd＞Zn＞As＞Cu＞DDT＞Hg＞Cr＞Pb＞HCH,Cd为主要污染元素,8个地块已受到Cd的轻度污染,土壤中的农药残留主要成分为滴滴涕;集对分析结果显示8745%的农田是安全的,1255%的农田处于轻污染状态。整体而言,江汉平原农田土壤环境质量属清洁和安全范围,符合发展现代农业的要求。集对分析法为农田土壤环境质量评价提供了一种新的思路。     

基于流域演化的泥石流敏感性分析

基于泥石流来源于某些处于特殊演化阶段的分支小流域的理论,分析了面积高程曲线及其参数与泥石流活动的关系。面积高程曲线积分值S表征流域内松散固体物质量,S/2对应的相对高差比值K表征流域源地面积在不同高程的分布,以S和K为参数提出泥石流敏感性分析思路。针对汶川县主要公路(都汶公路和省道303)沿线泥石流敏感性分析,在Arcgis、Matlab等软件的支持下,基于震前1:50 000地形数据,计算了研究区泥石流流域的S和K。根据计算结果,初步判定了各流域的地貌发育阶段,以及流域源地汇水区的高程位置。并根据震后泥石流实际活动情况,对于S小于0.5但又属于震后频发型,或者S值大于0.5但其面积较大且分支较多泥石流沟,进行了次一级子流域的面积高程值计算,判定其易发生泥石流具体源地。最后,根据流域面积高程值S得出了研究区泥石流敏感性分级图,分析结果基本反应了地貌演化对泥石流发生能力的潜在影响。