Application of polyacrylamide to reduce phosphorus losses from a Chinese purple soil: A laboratory and field investigation

Use of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to control phosphorus (P) losses from a Chinese purple soil was studied in both a laboratory soil column experiment and a field plot experiment on a steep slope (27%). Treatments in the column study were a control, and PAM mixed uniformly into the soil at rates of 0.02, 0.05, 0.08, 0.10, and 0.20%. We found that PAM had an important inhibitory effect on vertical P transport in the soil columns, with the 0.20% PAM treatment having the greatest significant reduction in leachate soluble P concentrations and losses resulting from nine leaching periods. Field experiments were conducted on 5 m wide by 21 m long natural rainfall plots, that allowed collection of both surface runoff and subsurface drainage water. Wheat was planted and grown on all plots with typical fertilizer applied. Treatments included a control, dry PAM at 3.9 kg ha^?1, dry PAM at 3.9 kg ha^?1 applied together with lime (CaCO₃ at 4.9 t ha^?1), and dry PAM at 3.9 kg ha^?1 applied together with gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O at 4 t ha^?1). Results from the field plot experiment in which 5 rainfall events resulted in measurable runoff and leachate showed that all PAM treatments significantly reduced runoff volume and total P losses in surface runoff compared to the control. The PAM treatments also all significantly reduced water volume leached to the tile drain. However, total P losses in the leachate water were not significantly different due to the treatments, perhaps due to the low PAM soil surface application rate and/or high experimental variability. The PAM alone treatment resulted in the greatest wheat growth as indicated by the plant growth indexes of wheat plant height, leaf length, leaf width, grain number per head, and dried grain mass. Growth indexes of the PAM with Calcium treatments were significantly lesser. These results indicate that the selection and use of soil amendments need to be carefully determined based upon the most important management goal at a particular site (runoff/nutrient loss control, enhanced plant growth, or a combination).     

Phenanthrene adsorption on soils from the Yangtze River Delta region under different pH and temperature conditions

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The phenanthrene (PHE) adsorption on soils from the Yangtze River Delta region under different pH and temperature conditions was studied in the laboratory....     

基于电磁感应和位移传感原理的电梯门锁啮合长度检测研究

电梯门锁锁紧元件啮合状态可靠性是确保电梯门系统安全运行的重要保障。针对现有电梯门锁啮合长度检验方法存在的测量精度不足、自动化程度低、通用性不强等问题,提出了一种基于传感器的检测方法。分析了电磁感应开关通断检测原理和接触式位移传感工作原理,在此基础上开发了门锁啮合长度检測装置,并介绍了使用该装置的检验步骤。实测结果表明:该检验方法和检验装置可以实现门锁啮合长度的快速准确检验,数据可重复性高。     

生态文明背景下物流业低碳化发展实现路径研究

物流业为碳排放量较大的行业,也是国家重点鼓励和支持的产业,实现其低碳化有利于增强行业竞争力、缓解环境问题、推动社会经济生态低碳化发展.物流业面对低碳化发展的机遇与挑战,应正视行业低碳化发展在政策和体制上存在的问题,同时需要政府健全低碳物流激励约束机制、完善物流相关基础设施;企业要有效实现共同配送和联合运输,积极推进低碳物流技术的研发与推广,完善物流信息系统,优化物流节点;社会公众形成低碳意识,支持低碳产品.     

Associations between co-exposure to multiple metals and renal function: a cross-sectional study in Guangxi,China

The association between co-exposure to multiple metals and renal function is poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the individual and joint effects of metal exposure on renal function in this study. We performed a cross-sectional study including 5828 participants in Guangxi, China, in 2019. Urine concentrations of 17 metals were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were applied to investigate the association of individual metal exposure with renal dysfunction. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to assess the co-exposure effects of the metals. Participants with the highest quartile of urinary Cu were at 1.84-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20–2.87) increased risk of renal dysfunction compared with the lowest quartile. The highest quartiles of urinary Sr, Cs, V, Ba, and Se were associated with 0.27-fold (95% CI: 0.17–0.43), 0.33 (95% CI: 0.19–0.53), 0.41 (95% CI: 0.25–0.65), 0.58 (95% CI: 0.36–0.90), and 0.33 (95% CI: 0.19–0.56) decreased risk of renal dysfunction compared with their lowest quartile, respectively. Furthermore, urinary Ba and Cu were non-linearly correlated with renal dysfunction. The WQS analysis showed that mixed metal exposure was inversely associated with renal dysfunction (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35–0.62), and Sr accounted for the largest weight (52.2%), followed by Cs (32.3%) in the association. Moreover, we observed a potential interaction between Cu, Cs, and Ba for renal dysfunction in BKMR model. Exposure to Se, Sr, Cs, V, and Ba is associated with decreased risk of renal dysfunction, whereas an increased risk is associated with Cu exposure. Co-exposure to these metals is negatively associated with renal dysfunction, and Sr and Cs are the main contributors to the associations.

     

Seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic nutrients transported to the Linjiang Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Field surveys were carried out from January 2007 to December 2008 to investigate seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (DIP) transported to the Linjiang Bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. The results revealed that both DIN and DIP exhibited large seasonal variability. DIN (dominated by NH₄?CN) concentrations were drastically higher in the dry season than those in the rainy season, and the same seasonal patterns of DIP concentrations and DIN and DIP fluxes were observed but inverse to that of DIN concentrations. The interannual variation in DIN fluxes descended by 28.2% from 2007 to 2008, while DIP fluxes increased by 40.9%, which were closely constant with interannual changes in DIN and DIP concentrations, respectively. The study indicated that nutrient fluxes (DIN and DIP) were strongly correlated with both nutrient concentrations and river discharge, and the Linjiang Bay received approximately 3,416 × 10³ kg DIN and 324 × 10³ kg DIP every year. In addition, DIN mainly originated from point sources, but DIP originated from non-point sources. It is shown that to control point source pollution is the most effective step for water quality improvement and reducing nutrient loading inputs in the Linjiang Bay.     

硅锰合金电炉烟气干法净化煤气回收的设计与分析

结合9000kVA硅锰合金电炉烟气净化,对干法烟气净化、煤气回收工艺中烟气参数的选取和控制、安全保证等问题进行了分析,并对其进行了技术经济性评价。     

Estimation of the CDF of a finite population in the presence of acalibration sample

We compare the performance of a number of estimators of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the following scenario: imperfect measurements are taken on an initial sample from afinite population and perfect measurements are obtained on a small calibration subset of the initial sample. The estimators we considered include two naive estimators using perfect and imperfect measurements; the ratio, difference and regression estimators for a two-phasesample; a minimum MSE estimator; Stefanski and Bay's SIMEX estimator (1996); and two proposed estimators. The proposed estimators take the form of a weighted average of perfect and imperfect measurements. They are constructed by minimizing variance among the class of weighted averages subject to an unbiasedness constraint. They differ in the manner of estimating the weight parameters. The first one uses direct sample estimates. The second one tunes the unknown parameters to an underlying normal distribution. We compare the root mean square error (RMSE) of the proposed estimator against other potential competitors through computer simulations. Our simulations show that our second estimator has the smallest RMSE among thenine compared and that the reduction in RMSE is substantial when the calibration sample is small and the error is medium or large.     

“2014.5.10”云南怒江州福贡泥石流成因分析

2004年5月10日云南怒江州福贡县石月亮乡发生泥石流等地质灾害,造成人员、经济重大损失。分析了此次泥石流形成的条件,并着重探讨了天气学成因,结果表明:脆弱的地质环境、陡峻的迎风坡、便于集水、集物的地形地貌和丰富的松散物质是怒江贡山泥石流易发生的有利地质地貌条件;连续性累积降水及短时间暴雨的产生为泥石流提供了较好的水源条件;高原短波槽与孟加拉湾南支槽东移合并,中、低层槽前西偏南暖湿气流500 h Pa偏西北气流是形成怒江暴雨过程的大尺度天气环流背景;地面辐合线、干线、低层显著湿区、湿舌等是导致降水的中尺度系统;高能高湿的潜在不稳定及近地层的水汽辐合是暴雨发生的有利条件;多普勒雷达图10~20 d Bz分散的絮状回波、部分35 d Bz块絮状回波、卫星云图多絮状对流云、无强对流云团活动反映此次暴雨过程为非对流性暴雨。