平凉市煤矿瓦斯气象预警系统

利用崇信县气象观测资料,选用华煤集团新柏煤矿瓦斯浓度观测资料,进行多因子分析,探讨气象条件与矿井瓦斯浓度的关系,选取相关系数绝对值大于0.3的因子,用统计学方法中的逐步回归法进行煤矿区不同回风巷瓦斯浓度预测,建立瓦斯气象条件预警模型,并建立瓦斯气象自动监控预警系统平台,为研究煤矿瓦斯爆炸,减少煤矿安全生产事故的发生,提供科学依据。     

染料行业节水减污措施探讨

染料行业发展迅速,但随着节能减排要求的提高,问题也愈暴露,甚至影响到染料工业的生存。针对染料行业水耗高、废水产生量大的严峻环境问题,提出节水减污的工作思路。通过推行清洁生产,找出水耗高、污染物产生量大的环节,结合企业实际生产情况,从染料生产的技术工艺、设备、水回收利用、加强管理、结合一定的末端治理5个方面,探讨节水减污的措施,争取做到源头节水,将污染物最大程度地消灭在生产过程中,做到废水的回收利用,使染料行业能够可持续发展下去。     

景观水体的修复技术

针对目前景观水体存在的问题,本文简单介绍了水景水体的修复原则和方法。结合景观水治理工程的实例,分别从物理、化学和生物方法三个方面总结了景观水体的各种污染控制和管理措施,分析其优缺点及适用性。详述了水生植物、水生动物、微生物以及它们之间相互结合处理富营养化水体的修复技术。提出景观水体污染控制的关键是将污水处理的常规处理技术与生态处理技术有效结合。通过生物-生态技术的集成,全方位增加有益水质净化的水生生物,是富营养化水体生物-生态修复技术有效的强化手段。     

厌氧处理乙酸丁酯废水的实验研究

乙酸丁酯废水是一种重要的化工原料,每生产一顿乙酸丁酯可产生140kg废水,本实验利用3L上流式厌氧污泥床UASB反应器在中温条件下处理高浓度乙酸丁酯废水。当UASB反应器稳定运行时,进水CODcr=10000mg／L时,容积负荷可达到13kgCOD／（m^3d）,水力停留时间24h,COD去除率可以达到80％以上,出水COD小于2000mg／L。通过本试验取得的良好试验效果,为处理乙酸丁酯废水找出了可行的途径。     

天津市1997年-2006年相对资源承载力的动态测度与分析

采用相对资源承载力的研究思路与计算方法,计算1997年-2006年天津市相对自然资源承载力、相对经济承载力和综合承载力及其变化过程。研究表明：（1）与全国比较,天津市资源综合承载力处于富余状态,且经济资源对综合承载力的贡献占大部分;（2）与北京、上海、广东等发达省市相比,天津市综合承栽力处于超载状态,自然资源承载量占优势,但经济资源水平有较大差距。（3）相对水资源承载力对相对自然资源承载力的贡献率基本在50％以上,水资源对其发展具有至关重要的作用。针对天津市相对承载力方面存在的问题,提出了天津实现可持续发展的对策建议：大力发展经济,保护和合理开发利用自然资源,保护生态环境,遏制环境恶化趋势,控制人口增长,不断协调人口、资源、环境和发展的矛盾,逐步走向可持续发展。     

纳米二氧化钛的毒性研究进展

随着纳米技术的迅猛发展,纳米材料越来越广泛地应用于社会科技生活的各个领域,在给人们生活带来便利的同时,纳米毒性也日益受到越来越广泛的关注。然而目前纳米毒性关注的焦点多集中在碳纳米管等早先发现的纳米材料上,却对纳米TiO2这一取得方便、制备容易、应用广泛、产量最大的纳米材料关注不足。本文从细胞水平和在体水平综述了纳米TiO2毒性研究进展,阐述了纳米TiO2对人体及其它生物潜在的生物效应,并提出对纳米TiO2进行安全性评估的必要性。     

Pyrene partition behavior to the NOM: Effect of NOM characteristics and its modification by ozone preoxidation

Hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs)—pyrene, and natural organic matters (NOM) from different sources were taken as the test compounds to investigate the impact of physicochemical characteristics of NOM on HOCs’ partition to the NOM in this study. The effects of solution property, NOM characteristics, and modification by ozone preoxidation on pyrene partition to NOM were systematically evaluated. According to the fluorescence quenching method, the partition coefficient K _oc of pyrene to NOM was calculated, which was found to have a great relationship with the aromatic structures and hydrophobic functional groups of the NOM. The NOM characteristic modification corresponding to solution property could influence the interactions between the NOM and pyrene. Preozonation could destroy the aromatic or hydrophobic structures of the NOM and decrease K _oc of pyrene.     

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using ZnO/TiO2 composites

ZnO/TiO₂ composites were synthesized by using the solvothermal method and ultrasonic precipitation followed by heat treatment in order to investigate their photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous suspension under UV irradiation. The composition and surface structure of the catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The degradation efficiencies of MO at various pH values were obtained. The highest degradation efficiencies were obtained before 30 min and after 60 min at pH 11.0 and pH 2.0, respectively. A sample analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. Six intermediates were found during the photocatalytic degradation process of quinonoid MO. The degradation pathway of quinonoid MO was also proposed.     

The influence of long term trends in pollutant emissions on deposition of sulphur and nitrogen and exceedance of critical loads in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, as with other European countries, land-based emissions of NO_x and SO₂ have fallen significantly over the last few decades. SO₂ emissions fell from a peak of 3185 Gg S in 1970 to 344 Gg S in 2005 and are forecast by business-as-usual emissions scenarios to fall to 172 Gg by 2020. NO_x emissions were at a maximum of 951 Gg N in 1970 and fell to 378 by 2005 with a further decrease to 243 Gg N forecast by 2020. These large changes in emissions have not been matched by emissions changes for NH₃ which decreased from 315 Gg N in 1990 to 259 in 2005 and are forecast to fall to 222 by 2020. The Fine Resolution Atmospheric Multi-pollutant Exchange model (FRAME) has been applied to model the spatial distribution of sulphur and nitrogen deposition over the United Kingdom during a 15-year time period (1990–2005) and compared with measured deposition of sulphate, nitrate and ammonium from the national monitoring network. Wet deposition of nitrogen and sulphur was found to decrease more slowly than the emissions reductions rate. This is attributed to a number of factors including increases in emissions from international shipping and changing rates of atmospheric oxidation. The modelled time series was extended to a 50-year period from 1970 to 2020. The modelled deposition of SO_x, NO_y and NH_x to the UK was found to fall by 87%, 52% and 25% during this period. The percentage area of sensitive habitats in the United Kingdom for which critical loads are exceeded is estimated to fall from 85% in 1970 to 37% in 2020 for acidic deposition and from 73% to 49% for nutrient nitrogen deposition. The significant reduction in land emissions of SO₂ and NO_x focuses further attention in controlling emissions from international shipping. Future policies to control emissions of ammonia from agriculture will be required to effect further significant reductions in nitrogen deposition.     

沈阳市新城子铬渣堆存区土壤铬污染分布及形态分析

采用Tessier A连续提取法,研究分析了沈阳市新城子铬渣堆存区土壤中重金属铬的污染分布和迁移转化规律,土壤中重金属铬的5种形态分布,主要以残渣态和碳酸盐结合态为主,分别占总量的49.74%和21.4%,而有机结合态含量最低,占总铬含量的6.25%。不同的功能区域铬的形态分布有所不同。总体的分布特征是残渣态>碳酸盐结合态>交换态>铁猛氧化态>有机态。