UV induces reactive oxygen species,damages sperm,and impairs fertilisation in the sea urchin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthocidaris crassispina</Emphasis>

We demonstrated that environmentally relevant levels of UVA and UVB can reduce sperm motility (UVA: by 38–58%; UVB: by 42–85%; P < 0.05) and subsequently fertilisation success (UVA: by 38–72%; UVB: by 91–98%; P < 0.05) of urchins (Anthocidaris crassispina) in a dose-dependent manner, implicating that recruitment of urchin populations might be reduced by UVR (ultraviolet radiation) prevailing in their natural habitats. Concomitantly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was enhanced by UVA and UVB in a dose-dependent manner (UVA: by 1.3-fold; UVB: by 6.6–7.3-fold; P < 0.05), and the increase in ROS resulted in an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in urchin sperm (UVA: by 4.2–7.2-fold; UVB: by 2.3–2.7-fold; P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that ROS production and oxidative damages enhanced by UVR may account for the observed declines in sperm motility and fertilisation, and suggests that levels of UVR prevailing in the environment may pose a significant threat to the reproductive success of natural populations of urchins spawning in shallow waters.     

Low levels of genetic variation in mtDNA sequences over the western Mediterranean and Atlantic range of the sponge<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Crambe crambe</Emphasis> (Poecilosclerida)

Crambe crambe is a common encrusting sponge found in the Mediterranean and Atlantic littoral. An analysis of a partial sequence (535 bp) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was conducted in an attempt to determine population structure in this species. This is the first study of population genetics using this kind of marker in the phylum. Samples (N=86) were taken in eight populations separated by distances from 20 to 3,000 km, spanning from the western Mediterranean to the Atlantic. Low variability of this gene was found, as only two haplotypes were identified, along with low nucleotide diversity (=0.0006). However, the different frequencies found among populations revealed genetic structure and low gene flow between close populations, as expected from the dispersal biology of the species. The low variability found in sponges is in agreement with reports on cnidarians and points to a high conservation of mtDNA in diploblastic phyla.     

黄红壤上烟草对钾的反应及种烟后土壤钾的变化

黄红壤上烟草对钾的反应及种烟后土壤钾的变化马友华，李道林，陈邦本，方明（安徽农业大学土化系，合肥２３００３６）（南京农业大学资环系）我国南方亚热带的红壤是我国植烟面积较大的土类，适用于种植各种类型的烟草［１］。烟草是喜钾作物，近年来我国南方在烟草种植...     

长江（南京段）现代沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其形态研究

本文通过对比取样和重金属形态实验研究,对长江现代沉积物中重金属含量在平面上和剖面上的分布特征以及存在的形态进行了分析讨论.结果表明,长江南京段现代沉积物中Cu,Pb,Co,Ni已形成轻—中等程度污染,并且重金属元素随沉积物由老到新正以增加的趋势叠加沉积,叠加速率Cu为0.083μg·g~(-1)·cm~(-1),Pb为0.067μg·g~(-1)·cm~(-1),Co为0.05μg·g~(-1)·cm~(-1),Cr为0.217μg·g~(-1)·cm~(-1),Ni为0.067μg·g~(-1)·cm~(-1).叠加量主要为有效态部分.重金属在其有效态中的聚集能力如下:可交换态中:Pb>Co>Cu>Ni,Cr;碳酸盐态中:Cu>Cr>Pb,Co,Ni;Fe-Mn氧化物态中:Co>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr;有机态中:Cu>Cr>Pb,Co,Ni.     

Short-term effects of data-loggers on Cory’s shearwater (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Calonectris diomedea</Emphasis>)

We investigated the possible effects of a 12-g data-logger attached to a darvic ring on the performance of Corys shearwater (Calonectris diomedea, 600–850 g) from two different colonies in the western Mediterranean Sea. We compared return rates, current breeding success and body condition between equipped and unequipped birds. Effects on feeding ecology during winter and breeding period was also evaluated through the measurement of stable isotopes of carbon (¹³C) and nitrogen (¹⁵N) in one of the colonies. We found no evidence of negative effects of loggers on demographic parameters analysed or in feeding ecology. Power analyses suggested a high power to detect medium effect size, but a low power to detect small changes. Despite the non-significant results we could only exclude medium to strong effects of the devices on one of these parameters. We detected some short-term negative effects on body condition for the equipped birds, but these were unlikely to have had important consequences. Results suggest that the use of loggers is an adequate methodology to obtain information from seabirds at sea, but data should be carefully interpreted with regard to potential biases during severe environmental conditions.Communicated by S.A. Poulet, Roscoff     

呼和浩特市某地慢性砷中毒流行因素探讨

１９９０年以来，在呼和浩特某地的６个自然村，查明以特殊皮肤损害为特征的慢性砷中毒病人１９７例。经用流行病学方法研究，从不同角度分析出，天然富砷水为该病的流行因素。     

电子工业光致抗蚀剂乳化废水预处理试验研究

研究了光致抗蚀剂乳化废水用硫酸和含钙辅助破乳分离出有机物沉淀的预处理工艺。确定了最合适的预处理工艺参数和流程；用GC／MS法分析了废水的组成和浓度，并探讨了有机物的去除机理。试验结果表明，pH值控制在3，辅助剂A的浓度为300mg/L、静置时间为60min时，是最合适的工艺条件，废水的CODcr值从15600mg/L下降到3542mg/L，CODcr的去除率达77.4%，投加辅助剂后既提高了有机物的去除率，又改善了沉淀物的过滤性能，从而有利于降低后续工艺的处理成本。     

论环境风险及其管理制度建设

在阐明环境风险和环境风险管理的概念和内涵的基础上,叙述了中国面临的主要环境风险,提出了中国环境风险管理制度建设的建议.并着重指出,国家应当对重点风险源进行直接管理.     

Fungal laccase-catalyzed degradation of hydroxy polychlorinated biphenyls

Hydroxy polychlorinated biphenyls (hydroxy PCBs) are toxic metabolites of PCBs. Their toxicity such as strong endocrine disruption demands effective remediation methods. Laccases from Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus were tested to degrade hydroxy PCBs. Optimum pHs for both enzymes were around 4.0. Laccase from T. versicolor degrades hydroxy PCBs more rapidly than that from P. ostreatus. The enzymatic activities remained little changes in up to 10% organic solvents, but decreased rapidly in more than 10% acetone, acetonitrile or DMSO. Degradation rate constants decreased with increase of chlorination and no degradation was observed with tetra-, penta- and hexa-chloro hydroxy PCBs in non-mediated reactions. However, the tetra- to hexa-chloro hydroxy PCBs were degraded by laccase from T. versicolor in the presence of the mediator 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxy radical. The other mediators, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and humic acid, also enhanced degradation of all the hydroxy PCBs except 4-hydroxy-2',3,3',4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl. The results showed that 3-hydroxy biphenyl was more resistant to laccase degradation than 2- or 4-hydroxy analogues. Significant linear-correlations (coefficient of determination, r2 = 0.9097 and 0.8186 for laccases from P. ostreatus and T. versicolor, respectively) were found between the ionization potentials and the removal rate constants of hydroxy PCBs.     

Assessment of the bioavailability of rare earth elements in soils by chemical fractionation and multiple regression analysis

The bioavailability of rare earth elements (REEs) in soils was evaluated, based on the combination of chemical fractionation and multiple regression analysis. REEs in soils were partitioned by a sequential extraction procedure into water soluble (F(ws)), exchangeable (F(ec)), bound to carbonates (F(cb)), bound to organic matter (F(om)), bound to Fe-Mn oxides (F(fm)) and residual (F(rd)) fractions. Alfalfa (Medicago Staiva Linn.) had been grown on the soils in a pot-culture experiment under greenhouse conditions for 35 days. The concentrations of REEs in fractions and plant were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Chemical fractionation showed that (F(ws)) fraction of REEs was less than 0.1% and residual (F(rd)) was the dominant form, more than 60% in soils. Bioaccumulation of REEs was observed in Alfalfa. REE availability to the plant was evaluated by multiple regression analysis. F(ws), F(ec), F(cb) and F(om) fractions were significantly correlated with REE uptake by alfalfa. But the exchangeable Pr(F(ec)) was significantly correlated with Pr concentration in alfalfa. F(ec), F(cb) and F(om) greatly contributed to La and Nd bioavailability; F(ec) and F(om) to Ce, Gd and Dy; F(ec) and F(cb) to Yb; and F(ws), F(ec) and F(om) to total REEs. This meant that the bioavailability of different species of REEs varied with individual REE. The results of this study indicated that the sequential extraction procedure, in conjunction with multiple regression analysis, may be useful for the prediction of plant uptake of REEs from soils.