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101.
Sucralose - an ecotoxicological challenger? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The non-calorie sweetener sucralose - sucrose containing three chlorine atoms - is intensively sweet and has become a popular substitute for sugar. Its widespread use, exceptional stability in combination with high water solubility have thus resulted in contamination of recipient waters. Earlier studies on sucralose in aquatic organisms indicate low bioaccumulation potential and negligible acute/chronic toxicity, but the close structural resemblance with sucrose in combination with the importance of sugar in nature, warrant a more detailed ecotoxicological assessment. The aim of this investigation was therefore to study behavioural and physiological effects of sucralose in crustaceans. Our results show that both physiology and locomotion behaviour were affected by exposure to sucralose. In Daphnia magna, the behavioural response was manifested as altered swimming height and increased swimming speed, whereas in gammarids the time to reach food and shelter was prolonged. Regardless if these behavioural responses were initiated via traditional toxic mechanisms or stimulatory effects, they should be considered as a warning, since exposed organisms may diverge from normal behaviour, which ultimately can have ecological consequences. 相似文献
102.
Water concentrations of PCDD/Fs, HCB, and non-ortho, mono-ortho, and non-dioxin-like PCBs were measured four times during 1 year in a coastal area of the Baltic Sea, to investigate background levels and distribution behaviour. Sampling sites included two rivers, an estuary, and the sea. Particulate and apparently dissolved concentrations were determined using active sampling (filters + PUFs), while freely dissolved concentrations were determined using passive sampling (POM-samplers). The distribution between particulate + colloidal and freely dissolved phases, in the form of TOC-normalized distribution ratios (KTOC), was found to be near or at equilibrium. The observed KTOC were not significantly different between sampling sites or seasons. For PCDD/Fs, the concentrations were significantly correlated to suspended particulate matter (SPM), while no correlation to organic carbon (TOC) was observed. In the estuary and the sea, PCB concentrations were correlated to TOC. The sorption of various congeners to SPM and TOC appeared to be related to both hydrophobicity and 3D-structure. The PCDD/F concentration in the sea decreased to one third in May, likely connected to the increased vertical flux of particles during the spring bloom. 相似文献
103.
Hinger G Brinkmann M Bluhm K Sagner A Takner H Eisenträger A Braunbeck T Engwall M Tiehm A Hollert H 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(8):1297-1304
Purpose
Heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen heteroatoms (NSO-HET) have been detected in air, soil, marine, and freshwater systems. However, only few publications are available investigating NSO-HET using in vitro bioassays. To support better characterization of environmental samples, selected NSO-HET were screened for dioxin-like activity in two bioassays. 相似文献104.
Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef and the Grand Canyon world heritage areas 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hughes TP Gunderson LH Folke C Baird AH Bellwood D Berkes F Crona B Helfgott A Leslie H Norberg J Nyström M Olsson P Osterblom H Scheffer M Schuttenberg H Steneck RS Tengö M Troell M Walker B Wilson J Worm B 《Ambio》2007,36(7):586-592
Conventional perceptions of the interactions between people and their environment are rapidly transforming. Old paradigms that view humans as separate from nature, natural resources as inexhaustible or endlessly substitutable, and the world as stable, predictable, and in balance are no longer tenable. New conceptual frameworks are rapidly emerging based on an adaptive approach that focuses on learning and flexible management in a dynamic social-ecological landscape. Using two iconic World Heritage Areas as case studies (the Great Barrier Reef and the Grand Canyon) we outline how an improved integration of the scientific and social aspects of natural resource management can guide the evolution of multiscale systems of governance that confront and cope with uncertainty, risk, and change in an increasingly human-dominated world. 相似文献
105.
Olsman Helena Schnrer Anna Bjrnfoth Heln van Bavel Bert Engwall Magnus 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):36-43
Goals, Scope and Background
Anaerobic digestion of organic household waste can lead to an increase in dioxin-like content, as determined by dioxin-specific bioassays. This may be a result of bioactivation of Ah receptor (AhR) agonists into more potent congeners. Work towards identifying the contributing compound groups is important in order to understand the mechanisms and to assess the relevance behind this increase in dioxin-like toxicity, since the residue can be used as a soil fertilising agent. The aim with the present work was to identify compound groups with AhR agonistic properties that caused the previously reported increase in dioxin-like activity after anaerobic biodegradationMethods
Firstly, chemical fractionation combined with dioxin bioassay testing was used to find bioactive classes of compounds. Secondly, batch digestion experiments with an externally added polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture (Clophen A50) and with decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE), respectively, were studied as a possible process for transformation of precursors into more potent, dioxin-like compounds. Mesophilic (37ºC) and thermophilic (55ºC) anaerobic digestion were studied. Two different dioxin-specific bioassays were used to analyse AhR agonists in the biodegraded material, the CELCAD and the DR-CALUX.Results and Discussion
AhR agonist activity was detected in both di- and polyaromatic fractions of digestate extracts, which indicated that a diverse mixture of compounds contributed to the bioassay responses. No quantifiable activities were induced by the monoaromatic fractions. Further fractionation based on planarity revealed higher concentrations of AhR agonists than what was detected after the first fractionation, probably due to non-additive biological interactions of compounds in the extract that were removed in the second fractionation. These results showed significant activity in the non-planar diaromatic fractions and in the co-planar fractions of both diaromates and polyaromates. In the batch experiment with externally added PCB, an increase in dioxin-like activity was seen after 21 days of digestion at mesophilic conditions. After completed digestion, the content of AhR agonists was equal to the start concentration. PCB analysis with GC-MS indicated that dehalogenation of PCBs occurred in the digestors. The batch experiment with decaBDE showed no significant changes in TEQ-concentrations over time.Conclusions
The results show that the previously reported increase of AhR agonists during mesophilic anaerobic digestion is probably due to an accumulation of several different groups of AhR agonists, both diaromatic and polyaromatic, and both co-planar and non-planar. Batch experiments with externally added PCBs and decaBDE, respectively, did not result in any accumulation of AhR agonist activity after completed digestion, even though chemical analysis indicate a dechlorination of PCBs. Complex, unfractionated extracts were difficult to test using the bioassay approach. Removal of AhR antagonists or otherwise interacting compounds during fractionation may yield bio-TEQ values that are much higher than in the original extract.Recommendations and Perspective
. Our results indicate that the environmental risk that AhR agonists may pose concerning large-scale anaerobic digestion of organic household waste probably depends on the efficiency of the digester and the sludge residence time. In order to obtain reliable results with the bioassays, an extensive cleanup and fractionation procedure is necessary. Without clean up and fractionation, there is a risk for false negatives and misleading conclusions. DR-CALUX and CELCAD were both suitable for these kinds of studies, provided that suitable fractionation methods are used.106.
Bergknut M Sehlin E Lundstedt S Andersson PL Haglund P Tysklind M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,145(1):154-160
The aim of this study was to evaluate different techniques for assessing the availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. This was done by comparing the amounts (total and relative) taken up by the earthworm Eisenia fetida with the amounts extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME), semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs), leaching with various solvent mixtures, leaching using additives, and sequential leaching. Bioconcentration factors of PAHs in the earthworms based on equilibrium partitioning theory resulted in poor correlations to observed values. This was most notable for PAHs with high concentrations in the studied soil. Evaluation by principal component analysis (PCA) showed distinct differences between the evaluated techniques and, generally, there were larger proportions of carcinogenic PAHs (4-6 fused rings) in the earthworms. These results suggest that it may be difficult to develop a chemical method that is capable of mimicking biological uptake, and thus estimating the bioavailability of PAHs. 相似文献
107.
Jernbro S Rocha PS Keiter S Skutlarek D Färber H Jones PD Giesy JP Hollert H Engwall M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(2):85-87
Background, Aim and Scope
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; C8F17SO3-) is a fully fluorinated organic compound which has been manufactured for decades
and was used widely in industrial and commercial products. The recent toxicological knowledge of PFOS mainly concerns mono-substance
exposures of PFOS to biological systems, leaving the potential interactive effects of PFOS with other compounds as an area
where understanding is significantly lacking. However, a recent study, reported the potential of PFOS to enhance the toxicity
of two compounds by increasing cell membrane permeability. This is of particular concern since PFOS has been reported to be
widely distributed in the environment where contaminants are known to occur in complex mixtures. In this study, PFOS was evaluated
alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide (CPP) to investigate whether a presence of PFOS leads to an increased genotoxic
potential of CPP towards hamster lung V79 cells. Genotoxicity was investigated using the micronucleus (MN) assay according
to the recent draft ISO/DIS 21427-2 method. PFOS alone demonstrated no genotoxicity up to a concentration of 12.5 mg/L. However,
PFOS combined with two different concentrations of CPP, with metabolic activation, caused a significant increase in the number
of micronucleated cells compared to treatments with CPP only. These results provide a first indication that PFOS has the potential
to enhance the genotoxic action of CPP towards V79 cells, suggesting that together with the alterations in cell membrane properties
shown previously, that genotoxicity of complex mixtures may be increased significantly by changes in chemical uptake. Together
with an earlier study performed by the own working group it can be concluded that PFOS alone is not genotoxic in this bioassay
using V79 cells up to 12.5 mg/L, but that further investigations are needed to assess the potential interaction between PFOS
and other substances, in particular regarding the impact of membrane alterations on the uptake of toxic substances.
Materials and Methods:
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Results:
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Discussion:
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Conclusions:
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Recommendations and Perspectives:
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108.
Patterns of coexistence among competing species exhibiting size- and food-dependent growth remain largely unexplored. Here we studied mechanisms behind coexistence and shifts in competitive dominance in a size-structured fish guild, representing sprat and herring stocks in the Baltic Sea, using a physiologically structured model of competing populations. The influence of degree of resource overlap and the possibility of undergoing ontogenetic diet shifts were studied as functions of zooplankton and zoobenthos productivity. By imposing different size-dependent mortalities, we could study the outcome of competition under contrasting environmental regimes representing poor and favorable growth conditions. We found that the identity of the dominant species shifted between low and high productivity. Adding a herring-exclusive benthos resource only provided a competitive advantage over sprat when size-dependent mortality was high enough to allow for rapid growth in the zooplankton niche. Hence, the importance of a bottom-up effect of varying productivity was dependent on a strong top-down effect. Although herring could depress shared resources to lower levels than could sprat and also could access an exclusive resource, the smaller size at maturation of sprat allowed it to coexist with herring and, in some cases, exclude it. Our model system, characterized by interactions among size cohorts, allowed for consumer coexistence even at full resource overlap at intermediate productivities when size-dependent mortality was low. Observed shifts in community patterns were crucially dependent on the explicit consideration of size- and food-dependent growth. Accordingly, we argue that accounting for food-dependent growth and size-dependent interactions is necessary to better predict changes in community structure and dynamics following changes in major ecosystem drivers such as resource productivity and mortality, which are fundamental for our ability to manage exploitation of living resources in, e.g., fisheries. 相似文献
109.
110.
Erika Andersson Anna Rotander Thomas von Kronhelm Anna Berggren Per Ivarsson Henner Hollert Magnus Engwall 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(5):521-530
Background, aim, and scope Degradation of the 16 US EPA priority PAHs in soil subjected to bioremediation is often achieved. However, the PAH loss is
not always followed by a reduction in soil toxicity. For instance, bioanalytical testing of such soil using the chemical-activated
luciferase gene expression (CALUX) assay, measuring the combined effect of all Ah receptor (AhR) activating compounds, occasionally
indicates that the loss of PAHs does not correlate with the loss of Ah receptor-active compounds in the soil. In addition,
standard PAH analysis does not address the issue of total toxicant bioavailability in bioremediated soil.
Materials and methods To address these questions, we have used the CALUX AhR agonist bioassay and the Comet genotoxicity bioassay with RTL-W1 cells
to evaluate the toxic potential of different extracts from a PAH-contaminated soil undergoing large-scale bioremediation.
The extracts were also chemically analyzed for PAH16 and PCDD/PCDF. Soil sampled on five occasions between day 0 and day 274
of biological treatment was shaken with n-butanol with vortex mixing at room temperature to determine the bioavailable fraction
of contaminants. To establish total concentrations, parts of the same samples were extracted using an accelerated solvent
extractor (ASE) with toluene at 100°C. The extracts were tested as inducers of AhR-dependent luciferase activity in the CALUX
assay and for DNA breakage potential in the Comet bioassay.
Results The chemical analysis of the toluene extracts indicated slow degradation rates and the CALUX assay indicated high levels of
AhR agonists in the same extracts. Compared to day 0, the bioavailable fractions showed no decrease in AhR agonist activity
during the treatment but rather an up-going trend, which was supported by increasing levels of PAHs and an increased effect
in the Comet bioassay after 274 days. The bio-TEQs calculated using the CALUX assay were higher than the TEQs calculated from
chemical analysis in both extracts, indicating that there are additional toxic PAHs in both extracts that are not included
in the chemically derived TEQ.
Discussion The response in the CALUX and the Comet bioassays as well as the chemical analysis indicate that the soil might be more toxic
to organisms living in soil after 274 days of treatment than in the untreated soil, due to the release of previously sorbed
PAHs and possibly also metabolic formation of novel toxicants.
Conclusions Our results put focus on the issue of slow degradation rates and bioavailability of PAHs during large-scale bioremediation
treatments. The release of sorbed PAHs at the investigated PAH-contaminated site seemed to be faster than the degradation
rate, which demonstrates the importance of considering the bioavailable fraction of contaminants during a bioremediation process.
Recommendations and perspectives It has to be ensured that soft remediation methods like biodegradation or the natural remediation approach do not result in
the mobilization of toxic compounds including more mobile degradation products. For PAH-contaminated sites this cannot be
assured merely by monitoring the 16 target PAHs. The combined use of a battery of biotests for different types of PAH effects
such as the CALUX and the Comet assay together with bioavailability extraction methods may be a useful screening tool of bioremediation
processes of PAH-contaminated soil and contribute to a more accurate risk assessment. If the bioremediation causes a release
of bound PAHs that are left undegraded in an easily extracted fraction, the soil may be more toxic to organisms living in
the soil as a result of the treatment. A prolonged treatment time may be one way to reduce the risk of remaining mobile PAHs.
In critical cases, the remediation concept might have to be changed to ex situ remediation methods. 相似文献