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201.
Field monitoring was practiced from 2001 to 2003 to evaluate the input (irrigation, atmospheric deposition, and fertilizer application) and the output (uptake and accumulation into the above-ground biomass of rice plants and leaching) of cadmium (Cd) in a contaminated paddy field in Tokyo. The cadmium concentrations of irrigated water, open-bulk precipitation, soil solution (leaching water), rice plants collected at the harvesting stage and the chemical fertilizer and the cow manure compost applied were determined. The Cd flux of each factor was calculated by multiplying the Cd concentration by the volume or mass of the media. The annual input-output balance of Cd in the paddy field in 2001 and 2002 was estimated to be -5.44 [corrected] g ha(-1) and -2.01 [corrected] g ha(-1), respectively, indicating the loss of Cd from the paddy field, although the losses accounted for only 0.24% [corrected] and 0.089% [corrected] of the total amount of Cd in the ploughed layer soil in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Among the factors involved, the input from fertilizers (including manure compost) and the output due to the uptake by rice plants played a major role in the balance. The former largely depended on the types and amounts of fertilizers applied, and the latter on the water management practices in the paddy field, such as flooding and drainage of the surface water. 相似文献
202.
Immunologic effects of perinatal exposure to dioxins, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Japanese infants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nagayama J Tsuji H Iida T Nakagawa R Matsueda T Hirakawa H Yanagawa T Fukushige J Watanabe T 《Chemosphere》2007,67(9):S393-S398
Effects of perinatal exposure to dioxins, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides on lymphocyte subsets were investigated in the peripheral blood from 101 Japanese infants with approximately 10 months of age. Perinatal exposure to these organochlorine compounds were estimated by their contamination levels in the breast milk of the mothers. Lymphocyte subsets such as CD16+, HLA-DR+, CD4+, CD4+8+, CD8+, CD3+ and CD20+ cells in peripheral venous blood were assessed in a subgroup of 92 infants. Greater exposures to HCE, chlordane and dioxins were significantly associated with the increase in the percentages of CD8+ and CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios, respectively. In addition, higher HCH exposure was also associated with a decrease in the percentage of HLA-DR+ T lymphocytes. Furthermore effects of dioxins, DDT and PCBs on the percentage of CD16+ T lymphocyte were more pronounced by the combined exposure of dioxins and PCBs or by the combined exposure of DDT and PCBs. Effects of HCE on the percentages of CD8+ T lymphocyte were also more pronounced by the combined exposure of HCE and chlordane. In conclusion, our study suggests that greater exposures to dioxins, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides determined in this study (except dieldrin) influence the immune system of Japanese infant, although the clinical significance of these changes is uncertain. 相似文献
203.
The degree of cadmium (Cd) contamination in wildlife is often used as an indicator in the environmental monitoring of Cd poisoning.
However, previous studies have not clarified the correlation between levels in wildlife and levels in the environment by comparing
levels among different species of animals; therefore, assessing the level of pollution in this manner is not considered a
reliably accurate indicator of levels in the environment. The aim of this study was to establish a new indicator for the non-polluted
warm-blooded animals, one that is not species-dependent, which will facilitate using different species for Cd monitoring.
First, the previous publications regarding Cd contents in wildlife, 27 reports in which Cd contents were represented as arithmetic
means and described for both kidney and liver were selected. A regression line (CSRL) between Cd contents of kidney and that
of liver was obtained in a high correlation coefficient (R
2 = 0.943, P < 0.01). The mean values from land and waterfowl, terrestrial mammals, seabirds, marine mammals, and non-polluted humans
were located on the line and aligned in order. CSRL might allow an accurate determination of whether an animal is polluted
by Cd. CSRL was confirmed using well-established and widely recognized pollution models such as Itai-itai patients and Cd-exposed
experimental animals. The Cd contents from these models were located in different positions relative to CSRL depending on
the level of contamination. Thus, this new indicator determining the Cd-pollution status of animals would be useful for environmental
monitoring. 相似文献
204.
Nakata H Shinohara R Murata S Watanabe M 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2010,12(11):2088-2092
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVSs), such as UV-328 and UV-327, were identified in the blubbers of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) collected from the Ariake Sea, western Japan, by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The mean concentrations and standard deviations of UV-328 and UV-327 in five blubber samples were 38 ± 28 ng g(-1) (lipid wt) and 19 ± 19 ng g(-1), respectively. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of UV-327 between water and finless porpoises was estimated to be 33?300, which is approximately one order of magnitude higher than that found for small fish inhabiting the same regions. The BCF of UV-327 in finless porpoises was similar to that of persistent organochlorine pesticide, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH: 37?000) in marine mammals from the western North Pacific Ocean. These results suggest that BUVSs appear to be persistent and bioaccumulative in the aquatic food chain. Further investigations on temporal trends, and regional and global monitoring of BUVSs are needed to understand their environmental profiles and potential risks to wildlife and human. 相似文献
205.
Taisuke Watanabe Ippei Kuroda Taichi Nakajima Mitsutoshi Masuda 《Traffic injury prevention》2019,20(4):S78-S83
AbstractObjective: In 2020, the world’s first crash compatibility rating test will be introduced in the European mobile progressive deformable barrier (MPDB) test. In this research, the quantitative change in partner protection performance of large vehicles in car-to-car (C2C) impacts was studied if these large vehicles were designed in future based on MPDB tests addressing crash compatibility ratings.Methods: Representative vehicles of the European fleet were selected and a Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) parameter study was conducted. In particular, by changing an indicator of structural interaction performance (SD; i.e., the degree of uniformity of barrier deformation)/mass/stiffness of large vehicles systematically in a step-by-step approach, the compatibility evaluation results of large vehicles in MPDB and the occupant injury score of small vehicles in C2C impacts were compared. The CAE result was evaluated compared to that of C2C physical impact tests.Results: The CAE parameter study showed that in the C2C impact condition, the effects on occupant injury in a small vehicle due to changes in the large vehicle were as follows: (1) SD change: The effect was minor except for small overlap condition. (2) Mass and stiffness change: The effect was relatively major.On the other hand, compatibility evaluation in the MPDB showed a tendency to overestimate the effect of SD change in comparison with the above-mentioned C2C impact condition.In addition, physical impact tests showed that, based on SD evaluation, the large vehicle with a relatively inferior compatibility rating compared to those with superior compatibility ratings showed a contradicting trend of better compatibility performance in the C2C test.Conclusions: The currently proposed compatibility evaluation method of the MPDB test showed some tendency to overestimate the effect of SD change and resulted in quantitatively inconsistent outcomes regarding occupant injury in the partner car in C2C impact conditions. 相似文献
206.
Akio Kamimura Eisuke Konno Shigehiro Yamamoto Takeru Watanabe Kazuo Yamada Fumiaki Tomonaga 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(1):38-41
To develop a new method for the chemical recycling of plastics, we examined the formation of recycled polymers from the recovered
monomeric materials of solubilized waste fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) under supercritical alcoholic conditions. Treatment
of waste FRP with supercritical MeOH resulted in the formation of monomeric organic compounds that mainly contained dimethyl
phthalate (DMP) and propylene glycol. The presence of these materials was confirmed by gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic
resonance analyses and they were mixed with new DMP and glycols in various ratios to form unsaturated polyesters. The polymerization
progressed successfully for all mixing ratios of the recovered and new DMP. Hardness tests on these recycled polymers indicated
that the polymer made from a 1:1 mixture of recovered and new dimethyl phthalate had almost the same level of hardness as
the polymers made from new materials. We also examined the formation of recycled FRP by using glass fibers and monomeric materials
recovered through the present depolymerization method.
Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6 相似文献
207.
David D. Parrish William C. Kuster Min Shao Yoko Yokouchi Yutaka Kondo Paul D. Goldan Joost A. de Gouw Makoto Koike Tomoko Shirai 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(40):6435-6441
Ambient measurements of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides from three mega-cities (Beijing, Mexico City, Tokyo) are compared with similar measurements from US cities in the mid-1980s and the early 2000s. The common hydrocarbon pattern seen in all data sets suggests that emissions associated with gasoline-fueled vehicles dominate in all of these cities. This commonality suggests that it will be efficient and, ultimately, cost effective to proceed with vehicular emission controls in most emerging mega-cities, while proceeding with development of more locally appropriate air quality control strategies through emissions inventory development and ambient air monitoring. Over the three decades covered by the US data sets, the hydrocarbon emissions decreased by a significant factor (something like an order of magnitude), which is greater than suggested by emission inventories, particularly the EDGAR international inventory. The ambient hydrocarbon and CO concentrations reported for the three non-US mega-cities are higher than present US ambient concentrations, but lower than those observed in the 1980s in the US. The one exception to the preceding statement is the high concentrations of CO observed in Beijing, which apparently have a large regional contribution. 相似文献
208.
Yuji Ijiri Hiromitsu Saegusa Atsushi Sawada Makoto Ono Kunio Watanabe Kenzi Karasaki Christine Doughty Michito Shimo Kenichi Fumimura 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2009,103(3-4):168-181
Qualitative evaluation of the effects of uncertainties originating from scenario development, modeling approaches, and parameter values is an important subject in the area of safety assessment for high-level nuclear waste disposal sites. In this study, regional-scale groundwater flow analyses for the Tono area, Japan were conducted using three continuous models designed to handle heterogeneous porous media. We evaluated the simulation results to quantitatively analyze uncertainties originating from modeling approaches. We found that porous media heterogeneity is the main factor which causes uncertainties. We also found that uncertainties originating from modeling approaches greatly depend on the types of hydrological structures and heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity values in the domain assigned by modelers. Uncertainties originating from modeling approaches decrease as the amount of labor and time spent increase, and iterations between investigation and analyses increases. 相似文献
209.
Hirano M Kitamura K Kato I Yanaihara C Iwamoto K Sekiyama M Watanabe C Nakamoto T Miyamoto N Onishi Y Arizono K 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(1):44-49
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely found in the environment and in the general population. In this study, a direct competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been developed for the quantitative analysis of DDT. To generate a specific polyclonal antibody for EIA, p, p'-DDT was conjugated to porcine thyroglobulin for rabbit immunization. At optimized EIA conditions, the standard curves ranged from 0.137 to 100 ng/mL with the quantification limit of 0.41 ng/mL. The coefficients of variation (CV%) were 5.42-10.53% for intra-assay and 6.04-7.26% for inter-assay. Cross-reactivities with DDT metabolites (DDTs, including o, p'-DDT, p, p'-DDD, o, p'-DDD, p, p'-DDE, o, p'-DDE, p, p'-dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP), o, p'-DCBP) were investigated. The polyclonal antibody showed relatively low and/or no cross-reactivity with these compounds, and the assay was seen to be highly selective for p, p'-DDT. Moreover, the DDTs could be ranked by their reactivity: DDT > DDD > DDE > DCBP. In addition, the characterization of the polyclonal antibody indicated that the antiserum possesses a high specificity for p, p'-isomers. The results indicated that the developed EIA using this antibody could be a convenient and supplemental analytical tool for monitoring DDT. 相似文献
210.
Chisato Mori Kazuhiko Kakuta Yoshiharu Matsuno Emiko Todaka Masahiro Watanabe Masamichi Hanazato Yukiko Kawashiro Hideki Fukata 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(10):6434-6439
Individuals’ exposure to various persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and its adverse health effects have been a cause of concern. We measured blood PCB concentrations from samples taken from 507 Japanese individuals ranging from infants to those over 80 years of age. The blood PCB levels increased with age for both male (Spearman’s r?=?0.69, p?<?0.001) and female (Spearman’s r?=?0.70, p?<?0.001) participants. Adult men and nulliparous women showed similar increases with age. However, the PCB levels of multiparous women were lower than those of nulliparous women in their thirties (p?=?0.005), probably because the PCBs were transferred from the mothers to their children during pregnancy and lactation. Among infants (<2 years of age), some had as high levels of accumulated PCB levels as those in adults >30 years of age. In some cases, the PCB levels were over 0.8 ng/g wet weight, similar to levels observed in adults over 50 years of age. In the future, it will be necessary to do research on the health of the children who are exposed by high concentration level of POPs. 相似文献