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161.
A common industrial solvent additive is 1,4‐dioxane. Contamination of dissolved 1,4‐dioxane in groundwater has been found to be recalcitrant to removal by conventional, low‐cost remedial technologies. Only costly labor and energy‐intensive pump‐and‐treat remedial options have been shown to be effective remedies. However, the capital and extended operation and maintenance costs render pump‐and‐treat technologies economically unfeasible at many sites. Furthermore, pump‐and‐treat approaches at remediation sites have frequently been proven over time to merely achieve containment rather than site closure. A major manufacturer in North Carolina was faced with the challenge of cleaning up 1,4‐dioxane and volatile organic compound–impacted soil and groundwater at its site. Significant costs associated with the application of conventional approaches to treating 1,4‐dioxane in groundwater led to an alternative analysis of emerging technologies. As a result of the success of the Accelerated Remediation Technologies, LLC (ART) In‐Well Technology at other sites impacted with recalcitrant compounds such as methyl tertiarybutyl ether, and the demonstrated success of efficient mass removal, an ART pilot test was conducted. The ART Technology combines in situ air stripping, air sparging, soil vapor extraction, enhanced bioremediation/oxidation, and dynamic subsurface groundwater circulation. Monitoring results from the pilot test show that 1,4‐dioxane concentrations were reduced by up to 90 percent in monitoring wells within 90 days. The removal rate of chlorinated compounds from one ART well exceeded the removal achieved by the multipoint soil vapor extraction/air sparging system by more than 80 times. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
162.
Molina-Montenegro MA Carrasco-Urra F Rodrigo C Convey P Valladares F Gianoli E 《Conservation biology》2012,26(4):717-723
Few non-native species have colonized Antarctica, although increased human activity and accelerated climate change may increase their number, distributional range, and effects on native species on the continent. We searched 13 sites on the maritime Antarctic islands and 12 sites on the Antarctic Peninsula for annual bluegrass (Poa annua), a non-native flowering plant. We also evaluated the possible effects of competition between P. annua and 2 vascular plants native to Antarctica, Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis) and Antarctic hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica). We grew the native species in experimental plots with and without annual bluegrass under conditions that mimicked the Antarctic environment. After 5 months, we measured photosynthetic performance on the basis of chlorophyll fluorescence and determined total biomass of both native species. We found individual specimens of annual bluegrass at 3 different sites on the Antarctic Peninsula during the 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 austral summers. The presence of bluegrass was associated with a statistically significant reduction in biomass of pearlwort and hairgrass, whereas the decrease in biomass of bluegrass was not statistically significant. Similarly, the presence of bluegrass significantly reduced the photosynthetic performance of the 2 native species. Sites where bluegrass occurred were close to major maritime routes of scientific expeditions and of tourist cruises to Antarctica. We believe that if current levels of human activity and regional warming persist, more non-native plant species are likely to colonize the Antarctic and may affect native species. 相似文献
163.
Cécile Fauvelot Federica Costantini Massimiliano Virgilio Marco Abbiati 《Marine Biology》2012,159(12):2797-2807
Human-made structures are increasingly built in marine coastal habitats for a variety of purposes. Offshore oil and gas production platforms are among the largest examples. Yet, biological effects of these increasing density artificial substrata are under evaluated. The objective of our study is to investigate the possible role of offshore platforms in modifying the genetic composition of populations of natural rocky shores species. The serpulid Pomatoceros triqueter was used as a model, and genetic variation was assessed using a 419?bp fragment of the mtDNA COI gene in samples collected on eleven offshore gas platforms, on one coastal buoy on the sandy shore and in four sites located on natural rocky shores in the Adriatic Sea. Deep phylogenetic lineages were uncovered over all samples. Nucleotide diversity and mean number of pairwise differences among haplotypes were significantly smaller in offshore platform samples compared to rocky shores samples. No significant genetic structure was observed over all samples. We found direct evidence of lower genetic diversity on platforms confirming that, although artificial structures attract and support species typical of hard bottoms, they are not analogues of natural rocky habitats. 相似文献
164.
Elena Cantarello Claude E. Steck Paolo Fontana Diego Fontaneto Lorenzo Marini Marco Pautasso 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(3):265-271
Recent large-scale studies have shown that biodiversity-rich regions also tend to be densely populated areas. The most obvious explanation is that biodiversity and human beings tend to match the distribution of energy availability, environmental stability and/or habitat heterogeneity. However, the species–people correlation can also be an artefact, as more populated regions could show more species because of a more thorough sampling. Few studies have tested this sampling bias hypothesis. Using a newly collated dataset, we studied whether Orthoptera species richness is related to human population size in Italy’s regions (average area 15,000 km2) and provinces (2,900 km2). As expected, the observed number of species increases significantly with increasing human population size for both grain sizes, although the proportion of variance explained is minimal at the provincial level. However, variations in observed Orthoptera species richness are primarily associated with the available number of records, which is in turn well correlated with human population size (at least at the regional level). Estimated Orthoptera species richness (Chao2 and Jackknife) also increases with human population size both for regions and provinces. Both for regions and provinces, this increase is not significant when controlling for variation in area and number of records. Our study confirms the hypothesis that broad-scale human population–biodiversity correlations can in some cases be artefactual. More systematic sampling of less studied taxa such as invertebrates is necessary to ascertain whether biogeographical patterns persist when sampling effort is kept constant or included in models. 相似文献
165.
Impact and adaptation opportunities for European agriculture in response to climatic change and variability 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Marco Moriondo Marco Bindi Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz M. Szwed A. Chorynski P. Matczak M. Radziejewski D. McEvoy Anita Wreford 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(7):657-679
Climate change, involving changes in mean climate and climatic variability, is expected to severely affect agriculture and
there is a need to assess its impact in order to define the appropriate adaptation strategies to cope with. In this paper,
we projected a scenario of European agriculture in a +2°C (above pre-industrial levels) world in order to assess the potential
effect of climatic change and variability and to test the effectiveness of different adaptation options. For this purpose,
the outputs of HadCM3 General Circulation Model (GCM) were empirically downscaled for current climate (1975–2005) and a future
period (2030–2060), to feed a process-based crop simulation model, in order to quantify the impact of a changing climate on
agriculture emphasising the impact due to changes in the frequency of extreme events (heat waves and drought). The same climatic
dataset was used to compare the effectiveness of different adaptations to a warmer climate strategies including advanced or
delayed sowing time, shorter or longer cycle cultivar and irrigation. The results indicated that both changes in mean climate
and climate variability affected crop growth resulting in different crop fitting capacity to cope with climate change. This
capacity mainly depended on the crop type and the geographical area across Europe. A +2°C scenario had a higher impact on
crops cultivated over the Mediterranean basin than on those cultivated in central and northern Europe as a consequence of
drier and hotter conditions. In contrast, crops cultivated in Northern Europe generally exhibited higher than current yields,
as a consequence of wetter conditions, and temperatures closer to the optimum growing conditions. Simple, no-cost adaptation
options such as advancement of sowing dates or the use of longer cycle varieties may be implemented to tackle the expected
yield loss in southern Europe as well as to exploit possible advantages in northern regions. 相似文献
166.
167.
168.
Barros Ivaldete Tijolin Ceccon Juliana Parolin Glinski Andressa Liebel Samuel Grötzner Sonia Regina Randi Marco Antonio Ferreira Benedito Evanilde Ortolani-Machado Claudia Feijó Filipak Neto Francisco de Oliveira Ribeiro Ciro Alberto 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(19):16228-16240
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In the current study, water quality of five river sites in Parana River basin (Brazil), utilized for public water supply, was assessed through a set... 相似文献
169.
The Evolution of the Environmental Quality Concept: From the US EPA Red Book to the European Water Framework Directive 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vighi M Finizio A Villa S 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):9-14
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.003
Background Water Quality Criteria were firstly defined in the 1970s by the EPA in the USA and the EIFAC in Europe, recognizing the need
for protecting water quality in order to allow the use of water resources by man. In the 1990s, the European Commission emphasized
the importance of safeguarding structure and function of biologic communities. These approaches were chemically-based. The
European Water Framework Directive (WFD) substantially changes the concept of Water Quality, by assuming that a water body
needs to be protected as an environmental good and not as a resource to be exploited. In this frame, the biological-ecological
quality assumes a prevailing role.
Main Features The Water Quality concept introduced by the WFD is a challenge for environmental sciences. Reference conditions should be
defined for different typologies of water bodies and for different European ecoregions. Suitable indicators should be developed
in order to quantify ecological status and to define what a 'good' ecological status is. Procedures should be developed for
correlating the deviation from a good ecological to the effects of multiple stressors on function and structure of the ecosystem.
The protection of biodiversity becomes a key objective. In this frame, the traditional procedures for ecotoxicological risk
assessment, mainly based on laboratory testing, should be overcome by more site-specific approaches, taking into account the
characteristics and the homeostatic capabilities of natural communities. In the paper an overview of the present knowledge
and of the new trends in ecotoxicology to get these objectives will be given. A procedure is suggested based on the concept
of Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD).
Recommendations and Perspective . The need for more site-specific and ecologically-oriented approaches in ecotoxicology is strongly recommended. The development
of new tools for implementing the concept of 'Stress Ecology' has been recently proposed by van Straalen (2003). In the same
time, more 'cological realism'is needed in practically applicable procedures for regulatory purposes. 相似文献
170.
Vione D Maurino V Minero C Vincenti M Pelizzetti E 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2003,10(5):321-324
This work describes the nitration of aromatics upon near-UV photolysis of nitrate and nitrite in aqueous solution and upon photocatalytic oxidation of nitrite in TiO2 suspensions. Phenol is used in this work as a model aromatic molecule and as a probe for *NO2/N2O4. The photoinduced nitration of phenol in aqueous systems occurs upon the reaction between phenol and *NO2 or N2O4, and is enhanced by the photocatalytic oxidation of nitrite to *NO2 by TiO2. Aromatic photonitration in the liquid phase can play a relevant role in the formation of nitroaromatics in natural waters and atmospheric hydrometeors, thus being a potential pathway for the condensed-phase nitration of aromatics. Furthermore, the photoinduced oxidation of nitrite to nitrogen dioxide suggests a completely new role for nitrite in natural waters and atmospheric aerosols. 相似文献