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361.
Marie Noël Neil Dangerfield Wayne Belzer Mark B. Yunker 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(12):3404-3412
In order to distinguish between ‘local’ and ‘background’ sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in coastal British Columbia (Canada) air, we collected samples from two sites: a remote site on western Vancouver Island, and a near-urban site in the Strait of Georgia. Seasonally-integrated samples of vapor, particulate, and rain were collected continuously during 365 days for analysis of 275 PCB and PBDE congeners. While deposition of the legacy PCBs was similar at both sampling sites, deposition of PBDEs at the remote site amounted to 42% (10.4 mg/ha/year) of that at the near-urban site. Additional research into atmospheric circulation in the NE Pacific Ocean will provide more insight into the transport and fate of priority pollutants in this region, but trans-Pacific delivery of PBDEs to the west coast of North America may underlie in part our observations. For example, approximately 40% of >12,000 ten-day back trajectories calculated for the remote site originated over Asia, compared to only 2% over North America. 相似文献
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Marguerite Miguet Julien Thevenon Vincent Laugel Mathilde Lefebvre Aurélie Bourchany Jean-Baptiste Rivière Yannis Duffourd Elise Schaefer Maria Cristina Antal Rosalie Abida Anne-Sophie Weingertner Valérie Kremer Pierre Vabres Fanny Morice-Picard Marie Gonzales Dan Lipsker Sylvie Fraitag Jean-Louis Mandel Jamel Chelly Hélène Dollfus Laurence Faivre Christel Thauvin-Robinet Nadège Calmels Salima El Chehadeh 《黑龙江环境通报》2016,36(13):1276-1279
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Maud C. O. Ferrari François Messier Douglas P. Chivers 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(7):1079-1083
A prerequisite for prey to show adaptive behavioural responses to predators is that the prey has the ability to recognise
predators as threats. While predator recognition can be innate in many situations, learning is often essential. For many aquatic
species, one common way to learn about predators is through the pairing of a novel predator odour with alarm cues released
from injured conspecifics. One study with fish demonstrated that this mode of learning not only allows the prey to recognise
the predatory cues as a threat, but also mediates the level of threat associated with the predator cues (i.e. threat-sensitive
learning). When the prey is exposed to the novel predator with a high concentration of alarm cues, they subsequently show
a high intensity of antipredator response to the predator cues alone. When exposed to the predator with a low concentration
of alarm cues, they subsequently show a low-intensity response to the predator cues. Here, we investigated whether larval
mosquitoes Culex restuans have the ability to learn to recognise salamanders as a threat through a single pairing of alarm cues and salamander odour
and also whether they would learn to respond to salamander cues in a threat-sensitive manner. We conditioned individual mosquitoes
with water or a low, medium or high concentration of crushed conspecific cues (alarm cues) paired with salamander odour. Mosquitoes
exposed to salamander odour paired with alarm cues and subsequently exposed to salamander odour alone responded to the salamander
as a threat. Moreover, the intensity of antipredator response displayed during the conditioning phase matched the response
intensity during the testing phase. This is the first demonstration of threat-sensitive learning in an aquatic invertebrate. 相似文献
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Macel M Lawson CS Mortimer SR Smilauerova M Bischoff A Crémieux L Dolezal J Edwards AR Lanta V Bezemer TM Van der Putten WH Igual JM Rodriguez-Barrueco C Müller-Schärer H Steinger T 《Ecology》2007,88(2):424-433
Evolutionary theory suggests that divergent natural selection in heterogeneous environments can result in locally adapted plant genotypes. To understand local adaptation it is important to study the ecological factors responsible for divergent selection. At a continental scale, variation in climate can be important while at a local scale soil properties could also play a role. We designed an experiment aimed to disentangle the role of climate and (abiotic and biotic) soil properties in local adaptation of two common plant species. A grass (Holcus lanatus) and a legume (Lotus corniculatus), as well as their local soils, were reciprocally transplanted between three sites across an Atlantic-Continental gradient in Europe and grown in common gardens in either their home soil or foreign soils. Growth and reproductive traits were measured over two growing seasons. In both species, we found significant environmental and genetic effects on most of the growth and reproductive traits and a significant interaction between the two environmental effects of soil and climate. The grass species showed significant home site advantage in most of the fitness components, which indicated adaptation to climate. We found no indication that the grass was adapted to local soil conditions. The legume showed a significant home soil advantage for number of fruits only and thus a weak indication of adaptation to soil and no adaptation to climate. Our results show that the importance of climate and soil factors as drivers of local adaptation is species-dependent. This could be related to differences in interactions between plant species and soil biota. 相似文献