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551.
McCreanor L Tsuji LJ Wainman BC Martin ID Weber JP 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,140(1-3):211-222
Abandoned military sites in northern North America are relics of the Cold War and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
In the late 1990s, the Canadian federal and provincial governments began the cleanup of the mid-Canada radar line in Ontario,
Canada. The first site to be remediated was Site 050 (Fort Albany First Nation) in 2001; however, the community remains concerned
that contaminants may have moved prior to, during, and after remediation into the Albany River directly adjacent to Site 050.
Thus, the Albany River was monitored (1999, 2001, 2002) during the remediation process to determine if the cleanup itself
further contaminated the aquatic compartment, using leeches (Haemopis spp.) as bioindicators. Few organochlorines were found in leeches at levels higher than the detection limit, aside from PCBs.
Leech data from the present study indicated that PCB levels were significantly higher near Site 050 than the control site
upstream, indicating point source contamination from Site 050. The temporal trend in leech contaminant data indicated an increase
in PCB contaminant load from 1999 (pre-remediation) to 2001 (immediately post-remediation), but this difference was not statistically
significant due to high variances. Nevertheless, logit log-linear contingency modeling did reveal that immediately after cleanup
(2001), contaminants (CBs 99, 118, 128, 156, 170, 183) in leeches were detected significantly more frequent than expected.
When taken together, leech body burden and frequency of detection data suggest that the remediation process itself further
contaminated the aquatic environment, if only temporarily. Lastly, the removal of the terrestrial source of PCBs during remediation
did remove the source of aquatic contaminants in that body burden of contaminants in leeches were significantly lower a year
after cleanup. 相似文献
552.
Aigars J Müller-Karulis B Martin G Jermakovs V 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,138(1-3):313-326
Two approaches for setting ecological class boundaries, response curves and a simplified mathematical boundary-setting protocol,
were tested for coastal, transitional and open waters in the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea. The simplified mathematical boundary-setting
protocol defines acceptable ecological status based on expert judgment by a uniform relative deviation from reference conditions.
In contrast, response curves derive class boundary definitions from observed changes in biological quality elements along
environmental pressure gradients for class boundary definitions. Identification of relevant environmental pressures for the
construction of response curves was based on a conceptual model of eutrophication in the Gulf of Riga. Response curves were
successfully established for summer chlorophyll a and transparency, as well as for macrozoobenthos abundance in the Central
Gulf, macrozoobenthos biotic coefficient in the Southern Gulf, and maximum depth of phytobenthos in the Northern Gulf. In
the Gulf of Riga response curves almost always permitted a larger deviation from reference conditions than the 50% deviation
applied for the simplified mathematical boundary-setting protocol. The case study clearly demonstrated that class boundary
definitions should take into account the sensitivity of the target water body. Also, the class boundaries for different ecological
quality elements were internally more consistent than those derived by the simplified mathematical boundary-setting protocol. 相似文献
553.
554.
Robert Mc Morran Martin F. Price Charles R. Warren 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2008,51(2):177-199
Concepts of wild land have recreational, ecological and cultural dimensions, and place varying emphasis on physical landscape attributes and the perceptions of users. In Scotland, national and NGO policies show reasonable consistency in interpreting and defining ‘wild land’, emphasising the (perception of) lack of current human influence as a key criterion. This research used semi-structured interviews with key individuals and a questionnaire survey of land managers to evaluate concepts and perceptions of wild land in Scotland. Recognising that the conceptual and spatial definition of wild land is a key issue, a new typology is proposed. Weaknesses in the policy framework, as well as key potential threats to, and opportunities associated with, wild landscapes are identified. Management initiatives are fitted to the typology and divided into four management themes. Key recommendations are: (i) that national policy for wild landscapes needs to incorporate criteria, which recognise the multiple values deriving from such areas; and (ii) that future research should combine user group preferences with physical attribute information in determining what constitutes wild landscapes. 相似文献
555.
Impact of using paper mill sludge for surface-mine reclamation on runoff water quality and plant growth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paper mills generate large amounts of solid waste consisting of fibrous cellulose, clay, and lime. Paper mill sludge (PMS) can improve reclamation of surface-coal mines where low pH and organic-carbon levels in the spoil cover material can inhibit revegetation. When applied at high rates, however, PMS may adversely impact the quality of surface runoff. Therefore, we applied PMS at 0, 224, and 672 dry Mg ha(-)(1) to 22.1 x 4.6-m plots at a recently mined site and monitored runoff for a total of 13 mo. The zero-rate plots served as controls and received standard reclamation consisting of mulching with hay and fertilization at planting. Compared to the control plots, PMS reduced runoff fourfold to sixfold and decreased erosion from 47 Mg ha(-1) to <1 Mg ha(-1). Most of the reduction occurred in the 2.5 mo before the plots were planted. Flow-weighted average dissolved oxygen concentrations in runoff from plots at the 224 and 672 Mg ha(-1) rates, however, were much lower (=0.4 vs. 8.2 mg L(-1)) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was much higher for the 672 Mg ha(-1) rate plots than the control plots during the pre-plant period (7229 vs. 880 mg L(-1)). There were few noteworthy differences in water quality among treatments post-planting, but plant dry-matter yields were greater for the PMS plots than for the controls. The 672 Mg ha(-1) rate did not increase COD or nutrient loads compared to the 224 Mg ha(-1) rate and may have more persistent beneficial effects by increasing soil organic carbon levels and pH to a greater extent. 相似文献
556.
Katey M. Walter Melanie Engram Claude R. Duguay Martin O. Jeffries F.S. Chapin III 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(2):305-315
Abstract: Arctic lakes are significant emitters of methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, to the atmosphere; yet no rigorous quantification of the magnitude and variability of pan‐Arctic lake emissions exists. In this study, we demonstrate the potential for a new method using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to detect methane bubbles in lake ice to scale up whole‐lake measurements of CH4 ebullition (bubbling) to regional scales. We estimated ebullition from lakes, which is often the dominant mode of lake emissions, by mapping the distribution of bubble clusters frozen in early winter ice across surfaces of seven tundra lakes and one boreal forest lake in Alaska. Applying previously measured ebullition rates associated with four distinct classes of bubble clusters found in lake ice, we estimated whole‐lake emissions from individual lakes. The percent surface area of lake ice covered with bubbles (R2 = 0.68) and CH4 ebullition rates from lakes (R2 = 0.59) and were correlated with radar return values from RADARSAT‐1 Standard Beam mode 3 for the tundra lakes, suggesting that with appropriate scaling and consideration for variability in lake‐ice conditions, this technique has the potential to be used for estimating broader‐scale regional and pan‐Arctic lake methane emissions. 相似文献
557.
Baldrian P Merhautová V Cajthaml T Nerud F Stopka P Gorbacheva O Hrubý M Benes MJ 《Chemosphere》2008,72(11):1721-1726
Chelating sorbents with diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene-phosphonic acid) (DTPMPA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ligands immobilized on zirconia matrix were prepared and subsequently saturated with Cu(II). All the Cu chelates catalyzed decomposition of H(2)O(2) yielding highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. All of them were also able to catalyze degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[b]fluoranthene). The most effective DTPMPA-based catalysts G-32 and G-35 (10 mg ml(-1) with 100 mmol H(2)O(2)) caused almost complete decomposition of 15 ppm anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene during a five day catalytic cycle at 30 degrees C. Anthracene-1,4-dione was the main product of anthracene oxidation by all catalysts. The catalysts were active in several cycles without regeneration. 相似文献
558.
Collins JJ Bodner K Burns CJ Budinsky RA Lamparski LL Wilken M Martin GD Carson ML 《Chemosphere》2007,66(6):1079-1085
Several studies have found that current levels of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in serum lipids are related to age with older persons generally having higher levels. To account for this age pattern, reference ranges based on national samples have been established in order to allow determination of background levels for regional studies. In several studies, body mass index (BMI), has also been associated with current 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin levels with increasing body mass index related to increasing levels. We measured lipid-adjusted serum levels for all 2,3,7,8-substituted dioxins and furans in 62 chemical manufacturing workers with chlorophenol exposures and 36 workers without chlorophenol exposures employed at the same location. We then assessed the impact of age and BMI on the serum levels of all these compounds in the presence of other potential confounders. We found that both factors are important independent determinants of serum levels of 2,3,7,8-substituted dioxins and furans. Specifically, age and BMI are both important factors for assessing background levels of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1,2,3,7,8 pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and the calculated total toxic equivalency. BMI, but not age, is important for assessing background levels of higher chlorinated dioxins and some hexachlorofurans. We conclude that age and BMI are both important considerations when comparing a potentially exposed group to a referent group, or to national norms. Further, age and BMI may also be important in epidemiology studies where back-extrapolation from current dioxin levels is used to assess historical chlorophenol exposure. 相似文献
559.
The present work investigated the direct and indirect photolysis of pesticide residues (atrazine, imazaquin, iprodione), in aqueous solutions and under UV-visible radiation (280-480nm). Different kinds of humic substances (HS) were added to samples in order to evaluate their behaviour as possible photocatalysts and their effect on the photolysis of pesticides. The fulvic acids were purchased from the International Humic Substances Society, and they were added to samples in concentrations ranging from 1 to 150 mgl(-1). Titanium dioxide was used as the photocatalyst, in concentration ranging from 10 to 150 mgl(-1). Pesticides photolysis were measured by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and differential pulse polarography with all used pesticides, reaching total degradation after 2h of irradiation, thus indicating a fast direct photolysis. Photocatalysis by TiO(2) could increase the pesticides photolysis rate up to 40%. This effect, however, was not observed for imazaquin photolysis. Again, except for imazaquin, HS presence showed a positive effect in increasing pesticide degradation, but only within specific concentration ranges (below 10mg l(-1) for iprodione and about 30mgl(-1) for atrazine). Above these ranges HS induce a decrease in the pesticides photolysis rate. Spin-trapping measurements by electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, using the spin-trap DMPO, showed that HS are able to photogenerate hydroxyl radicals, increasing the pesticides molecule degradation. However, the HS also react with the photogenerated hydroxyl radical, influencing the pesticide photolysis, leading to a decrease in the photolysis rate and causing it to be strongly dependent on the nature and concentration of residues in the water to be treated. 相似文献
560.
Verta M Salo S Korhonen M Assmuth T Kiviranta H Koistinen J Ruokojärvi P Isosaari P Bergqvist PA Tysklind M Cato I Vikelsøe J Larsen MM 《Chemosphere》2007,67(9):1762-1775
Recent survey results for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, dioxins) in Baltic Sea sediments from Finland, Sweden and Denmark were merged with previously published Baltic Sea data. Regional distribution of concentration levels, differences in congener patterns, and temporal changes in sediment profiles were examined. One of the main objectives was to study if any major point sources for different PCDD/F congeners could be identified on a regional scale, based on sediment records. The survey confirmed the impact of chlorophenol production derived highly chlorinated PCDF-congeners on the total toxicity in sediments in the Gulf of Finland near the Kymijoki river estuary. Signatures of other point sources or combined point sources pertinent to specific industry branches or particular production processes (such as pulp bleaching, vinyl chloride production, thermal processes) may be discerned. However, the findings did not support any of the known point sources significantly influencing those congeners that are most abundant in Baltic herring and salmon. Instead, regional distributions in the Baltic Sea indicate that atmospheric deposition may act as a major source for those congeners and especially for 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. There were clear indications of declines in levels in sediment in some areas, but generally the levels of highly chlorinated PCDD/Fs on the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland were still high when compared with other areas of the Baltic Sea. Major areas with data gaps cover the south-eastern and eastern coastal regions of the Baltic Proper and the southern Gulf of Finland. 相似文献