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31.
Md. Ibrahim H. Mondal A. B. M. Fakrul Alam 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2013,21(1):280-285
Cellulose acetate (CA) was synthesized from knitted rag, a cellulosic waste of Textile and Garment industries, in the glacial acetic acid, and subsequently acetic anhydride (Ac2O) in presence of concentrated H2SO4 reaction medium. A low to high substitution products were obtained from single step up to seven steps acetylation of cellulose. In this way, it was possible to produce low cost and different grades or substituted acetylation derivatives of cellulose. The synthesized CA was characterized and investigation of its physical characteristics was done. Solubility, acetyl content, acetic acid content, degree of substitution, and molecular weight of CA increased gradually with the increase of the number of reaction steps attaining optimum value at the fourth step. The acetyl and acetic acid content of CA were increased from 39.95 % to 44.25 %, and from 55.73 % to 61.73 % respectively. Similarly, degree of substitution and molecular weight of CA were increased from 2.47 to 2.94, and from 74,249 to 121,437 respectively. 相似文献
32.
Md. Abul Kashem Bal Ram Singh Hiroshi Kubota Reiko Sugawara Nobuyuki Kitajima Toshihito Kondo Shigenao Kawai 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(5):1174-1176
Background, aim, and scope
Zinc is an essential micronutrient element but its concentrations found in contaminated soils frequently exceed those required by the plant and soil organisms, and thus create danger to animal and human health. Phytoremediation is a technique, often employed in remediation of contaminated soils, which aims to remove heavy metals or other contaminants from soils or waters using plants. Arabidopsis (A.) halleri ssp. gemmifera is a plant recently found to be grown vigorously in heavy metal contaminated areas of Japan and it contained remarkably high amount of heavy metals in its shoots. However, the magnitude of Zn accumulation and tolerance in A. halleri ssp. gemmifera need to be investigated for its use as a phytoremediation plant. 相似文献33.
34.
Md. Mahfuzar Rahman 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2013,11(4):79-84
Abstract Bangladesh is on target for achieving the Millennium Development Goal 4 relating to infant and under-five mortality because of very rapid reduction in mortality in recent years. But this rate of reduction may be difficult to sustain and may hamper the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 4. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to discuss and compare the different covariates of infant and under-five mortality in the context of overall country, urban and rural levels of Bangladesh using discriminant analysis. For this, the data are taken from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2004. In discriminant analysis, the stepwise procedure has been picked up and only the significant variables are ranked according to the rank of Wilk’s Lambda values. The canonical discriminant function coefficients (unstandardized and standardized) for the predictor variables have also been calculated. Both the results show that breastfeeding is the most important variable in discriminating the two groups of mothers, i.e., mothers experiencing to infant mortality or not and mothers experiencing to under-five mortality or not. The related results of discriminant function also indicate that the discriminant function is statistically significant and discriminates well. Therefore, improvements in the health system are essential for promoting the breastfeeding practices (both inclusive and exclusive), which may be the effective strategies to reach families and communities with targeted messages and information. 相似文献
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The blue mussel Mytilus edulis is one of the dominant fouling organisms in cooling water systems. In this work, how veliger larvae and different size groups of the mussels responded against chlorine dosage was examined. Veliger larvae mortality was studied at different residual chlorine concentrations (0.05–0.5 mg L?1), and it was found that a chlorine dose of 0.5 mg L?1 is 4 times as effective as 0.05 mg L?1 and twice as effective as 0.1 mg L?1. Mortality of 100% for three size groups (1.4, 14, and 25 mm) and relative physiological activities of two size groups (14 and 25 mm) were observed. The exposure duration for 100% mortality of mussels decreased with the increasing residual chlorine concentration (0.1–4.0 mg L?1). Mussel size was also found to be an important factor, considering that the continuation times for mussel mortality were 28 h for the 1.4 mm and 410 h for the 25 mm size groups. All size groups showed progressive reduction in physiological activities, such as oxygen consumption, foot activity, and byssus thread production with increasing chlorine dose (0.05–1.0 mg L?1); the two data-sets were strongly correlated with each other. The results of this study should be of significance for optimizing the chlorine content, and minimize the environmental threat to industries where mussels are the dominant fouling organisms. 相似文献
38.
Md. Abdullah Yousuf Al Harun Joshua Johnson Md. Nazim Uddin Randall W. Robinson 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015,27(7):1-11
Decomposition of plant litter is a fundamental process in ecosystem function, carbon and nutrient cycling and, by extension, climate change. This study aimed to investigate the role of temperature on the decomposition of water soluble phenolics(WSP), carbon and soil nutrients in conjunction with the phytotoxicity dynamics of Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera(boneseed) litter. Treatments consisted of three factors including decomposition materials(litter alone, litter with soil and soil alone), decomposition periods and temperatures(5–15, 15–25and 25–35°C(night/day)). Leachates were collected on 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 th days to analyse physico-chemical parameters and phytotoxicity. Water soluble phenolics and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) increased with increasing temperature while nutrients like SO-24 and NO-13 decreased. Speed of germination, hypocotyl and radical length and weight of Lactuca sativa exposed to leachates were decreased with increasing decomposition temperature. All treatment components had significant effects on these parameters. There had a strong correlation between DOC and WSP, and WSP content of the leachates with radical length of test species. This study identified complex interactivity among temperature, WSP, DOC and soil nutrient dynamics of litter occupied soil and that these factors work together to influence phytotoxicity. 相似文献
39.
Minggang Cai Aklima Nargis Ahsan Habi Md Nazrul Islam Kai Chen Md Shafiqul Islam Sarker A N M Al-Razee Wenbin Liu Guorui Liu 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2022,34(11):159-174
In this study, concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined in road dusts collected from different locations in Dhaka to assess source, contamination status and health risk. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb and their mean concentrations were 162.27 ± 29.46, 721.18 ± 180.14, 35.65 ± 12.55, 104.56 ± 128.33, 515.32 ± 321.90, BDL, and 342.82 ± 591.20 mg/kg, respectively. Among the heavy metals, highest concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb were found at urban sites-7 (municipal waste dumping) and 8 (medical waste incineration). Highest concentration of Cr followed by Cu and Zn was found at site-5 (Tejgaon, urban). Principal component analysis revealed that anthropogenic activities are the potential sources for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb while earth crust for Mn. Pollution index and pollution load index results suggested that all the sites were contaminated and/or degraded by Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb except sites-9 (urban), 10 (sub-urban), 11 (rural) while sites-7 and 8 (urban) were extremely degraded. For noncarcinogenic health risk, hazard quotient values for dermal were higher compared to that of inhalation/ingestion. Though hazard index values were less than 1 at all the sites, these were at least one order of magnitude higher for children group than that of adult group, thus the children group may face more noncarcinogenic health risk at sites-7 and 8. Values of incremental lifetime cancer risk were from 10−9 to 10−11 showed no carcinogenic health risk by road dusts contaminated with the heavy metals. 相似文献
40.
Md. Mahbubar Rahman 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(4):2064-2069
Malaria continues to be a public health problem in Bangladesh, despite efforts in the 1960s to eradicate the vectors through the use of DDT. At one point, eradication of malaria was acclaimed but later on it reappeared. The use of DDT is no more legally allowed in Bangladesh, which has been officially replaced by a number organophosphates and/or synthetic pyrethroids and their combinations in addition to the integrated vector management (IVM) package. IVM being a community approach is still to go a long way to be mass popular. Adulticides, larvicides, residual sprays, mosquito coil, insecticide-impregnated curtain, aerosol, etc. still serve as the major weapons of mosquito control. Thus, mosquito control still mostly depends on chemical insecticides. Although the use of DDT is banned in Bangladesh, there are reports on its illegal use in different forms. Moreover, there is tons of leftover DDT in Bangladesh, which is likely to cause several diseases. As per one report, about 500 MTs of DDT stockpiles are lying in the Medical Sub-Depots at Chittagong for over a period of 26 years. DDT is a persistent organic pollutant pesticide, which can cause diseases like cancer, endocrine disorder, disruption of immune system, embryonic abnormality, reproductive disorder, etc. Other chemical insecticides, which are replacing DDT, are also not free of hazardous impacts. IVM thus appears to be a wise approach requiring concerted efforts for the management of mosquito to control malaria. Such an IVM comprises use of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. israelensis, methoprene, biocontrol agents, cleaning of breeding sites, pyrethroid-impregnated curtain, etc. Therefore, a wise effort should be adopted to completely stop the use of DDT, eliminate its stockpiles wherever they are in Bangladesh and to popularise the IVM, not the chemicals-based alternatives throughout the country. 相似文献