Polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS): application for monitoring organic micropollutants in wastewater effluent and surface water

In this paper, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) for the evaluation of river water quality downstream of wastewater treatment plants. POCIS proved well adapted to sampling alkylphenols and several pharmaceuticals. Concentration factors and the decrease in limits of quantification, compared to grab water sample analyses, were significant except for hormones, β-blockers and bronchodilators. Promising preliminary results obtained in situ on deuterated atenolol used as a performance reference compound need to be confirmed in-lab. This work confirms that POCIS is a valuable tool for monitoring hydrophilic organic molecules in river and wastewaters.     

Chlorophyll and suspended sediment mapping to the Caribbean Sea from rivers in the capital city of the Dominican Republic using ALOS AVNIR-2 data

This study aims to study the distribution of contaminants in rivers that flow into the Caribbean Sea using chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and suspended sediment (SS) as markers and ALOS AVNIR-2 satellite sensor data. The Haina River (HN) and Ozama and Isabela Rivers (OZ-IS) that flow through the city of Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic, were chosen. First, in situ spectral reflectance/Chl-a and SS datasets obtained from these rivers were acquired in March 2011 (case A: with no rain influence) and June 2011 (case B: with rain influence), and the estimation algorithm of Chl-a and SS using AVNIR-2 data was developed from the datasets. Moreover, the developed algorithm was applied to AVNIR-2 data in November 2010 for case A and August 2010 for case B. Results revealed that for Chl-a and SS estimations under cases A and B conditions, the reflectance ratio of AVNIR-2 band 4 and band 3 (AV4/AV3) and the reflectance of AVNIR-2 band 4 (AV4) were effective. The Chl-a and SS mapping results obtained using AVNIR-2 data corresponded with the field survey results. Finally, an outline of the distribution of contaminants at the mouth of the river that flows into the Caribbean Sea was obtained for both rivers in cases A and B.     

华北地区一次重污染天气的气象变化过程分析

利用大气环境监测数据、常规气象观测资料、探空数据以及HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式对2014年2月20—26日发生在华北区域的一次大面积重污染天气进行综合分析。利用风云卫星观测资料直观展示了污染的生成、消散状况。结果表明,在此次重污染天气过程中,华北地区主要城市均观测到高浓度的PM_(2.5),其中北京、石家庄PM_(2.5)小时浓度均值分别为286.1、371.2μg/m~3。该次污染与天气过程关系密切,平稳的高空环流形势、华北地面弱低压为污染天气的发生、发展提供了有利的气象条件。地面的静风或小风天气以及近地逆温的出现有利于污染的维持。后向轨迹分析表明,此次污染过程区域性明显,南部、西南部周边地区的污染物外源性输入对研究的主要城市有显著影响。     

Cleaning carcinogenic nitrosamines with zeolites

N-nitrosamines are characterized with an N-nitroso group N–NO. N-nitrosamines are strong carcinogens or potent carcinogens. Nitrosamines occur widely in the environment, e.g., as tobacco smoke that causes cancers of lungs, larynx, oral cavity and pharynx, pancreas, kidney and bladder. It is difficult to capture selectively N-nitrosamines in the environment. Therefore, zeolite, which is a molecular sieve, may help to sequester N-nitrosamines. Zeolites are a class of aluminosilicates, characterized by ordered microporous structures with acidic–basic sites on the surface and energetic field inside the pores. They have been widely applied in industry as adsorbents and catalysts because of their unique shape selectivity. Here, we review the latest research on adsorption and catalytic degradation of N-nitrosamines by zeolite materials. The efficiency of zeolite is increased using metal oxides. Removal of N-nitrosamines in smoke is discussed.     

蒸汽喷射离子发生器及其应用

介绍一种新型蒸汽喷射离子发生器，并将这种发生器作为预荷电器，在旋风除尘器上进行除尘增效改造应用的试验。结果表明粉尘的预荷电及静电凝并可以增加除尘效率。     

化学耗氧量测定方法的改进

测定化学耗氧量的标准方法重铬酸钾法的主要缺点是：测定时间长；使用汞盐消除C1-的干扰，二次污染严重．提出了改进意见．改进后的方法，测定时间短，并提出了彻底消除Cl-干扰的方法，其精密度和准确度较高．     

前置反硝化技术在丙烯腈废水处理中的成功应用

根据含氰废水生物脱氮装置的运行实践分析了生物脱氮反应中废水的氨化、硝化和反硝化特点、原理。对装置进行改造后，氨氮合格率为95％以上。     

How accurately do semi-permeable membrane devices measure the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Daphnia magna?

Semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are passive samplers that have been designed to sample the bioavailable fractions of hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic ecosystems. This study aims at evaluating the ability for SPMD to sample polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene) that are actually bioavailable to Daphnia magna. For that purpose, the SPMD-available fraction and the bioavailable fraction to D. magna are compared in controlled media with Dissolved Organic Matters (DOMs) from various origins and at different concentrations. The presence of all but one DOM reduces the accumulation of PAHs in SPMD or in D. magna. Moreover, this comparative laboratory study shows that in 10 cases on 13, the SPMD-available fraction is close to the available fraction to D. magna. When significant differences are observed between SPMD-available and bioavailable fractions, they remain less than 50% at DOM concentrations below 10 mg/l DOC, which corresponds to a maximum DOC concentration usually found in temperate rivers. This study confirms the suitability of the SPMD technique to monitor readily bioavailable hydrophobic contaminants in aquatic environments containing DOM from various origins and characteristics.     

西辽河不同粒级沉积物对重金属镉的富集特征

为估算随泥沙颗粒迁移的重金属镉(Cd)的质量分数,采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河不同粒级沉积物对Cd的富集特征。结果表明,不同粒级沉积物对Cd的富集系数从大到小依次为黏粒(6.65)、粉粒(4.13)、细砂(0.92)、粗砂(0.90)。黏粒级沉积物对Cd属于重度富集,粉粒级沉积物对Cd属于中度富集。其原因有二:细粒级沉积物中腐殖质含量明显高于粗粒级;细粒级沉积物中稳结态腐殖质比例较高,稳结态腐殖质的腐殖酸组成以胡敏酸为主,胡敏酸在复合体表面形成了S-HA-Cd三元配合物,增加了黏土矿物表面吸附位。西辽河沉积物在汛期黏粒级和粉粒级冲泻质泥沙所携载的吸附态镉质量分数可分别按沉积物原样的6.65和4.13倍估算。     

基于DMSP/OLS数据的区域碳排放时空动态研究

选取IPCC碳排放核算方法并基于能源统计数据,核算了我国大陆30个省市的能源消耗碳排放量,利用纠正后的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据与相应空间单元的碳排放量进行回归分析,反演出1km×1km栅格的电力消耗碳排放量并分析其在地级市尺度上的时空变化.核算出2005年、2010年和2013年能源消耗排放总量分别为57.02,82.28和93.26亿t,其中电力碳排放量分别为23.03,35.62和42.07亿t.结果表明：校正后的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据能更好地估算碳排放,其DN总值与统计的省级能源消耗排放量、电力消耗排放量均存在较强的相关关系;整体而言,发达地区能源消耗排放量大但强度比较低.