Sources of productive efficiency: International comparison of iron and steel firms

Using a time-varying stochastic frontier model, this paper examines the technical efficiency of firms in the iron and steel industry to try to identify the factors contributing to the industry's efficiency growth. Industry observers and policymakers tend to cite most frequently three possible sources of efficiency growth: privatization; economies of scale; and vintage of equipment. Our study corroborates these factors. Based on our findings, which pertain to 52 iron and steel firms over the period of 1978–1997, privatization is likely to improve the efficiency of iron and steel firms to a great extent as evidenced in various industries. This study also provides systematic evidence that iron and steel production shows economies of scale. In addition, newer vintages of equipment are found to be closely correlated with higher levels of efficiency. This clearly indicates that investment in new plants and equipments is critical in pursuit of efficiency in the iron and steel industry.     

Dry deposition of sulfate-containing particulate at the highway intersection, coastal and suburban areas

Sulfate-containing aerosol (SCA) dry deposition at the highway intersection, coastal location, and suburban area in Taiwan were analyzed and compared. Sampling was accomplished with a surrogate surface technique. Samples particles were coated with barium chloride (BaCl(2)) in a vacuum evaporator and then exposed to a relative humidity of 85% for 2 h to form distinctive products of SCAs. Treated samples were examined by a scanning electron microscopy. SCA dry deposition fluxes were 10.2, 4.1, 3.4 microgm(-2)s(-1) and nonsulfate-containing aerosol (NSCA) dry deposition fluxes were 23.3, 8.2, 13.5 microgm(-2)s(-1) at the highway intersection, coastal, and suburban areas. At the highway intersection, both SCA and NSCA dry deposition fluxes were much higher than those at the other two sites. The dry deposition of particles was also analyzed with a traditional technique. The number median diameters (NMDs) of SCA were 0.41, 0.82, and 1.2 mum at the highway intersection, coastal, and suburban sites, respectively. The highway intersection site had a small NMD, which showed that most sulfate-containing deposited aerosols existed in fine diameter range. The mass median diameters (MMDs) of SCA were 8.8, 19.5, and 14.9 mum at the highway intersection, coastal, and suburban sites, which were much higher than NMDs. Average numbers of SCAs in total particulate were 33%, 33%, and 22% at the highway intersection, coastal and suburban areas Most deposited particulates were nonsulfate-containing at the three sampling sites. SCAs less than 10 mum contributed 29%, 8%, and 7% to the total dry deposition at the highway intersection, coastal, and suburban areas, respectively. The contribution of fine particulate was significantly higher at the highway intersection site.     

降雨入渗对基坑工程安全性影响的研究

很多市政工程以及基坑工程在降雨入渗后 ,出现滑坡等事故 ,本文应用非饱和土壤水分运动基本理论 ,建立了降雨入渗模型并编制了计算程序。在计算模型中 ,考虑了降雨过程中土壤入渗能力的变化 ,在此基础上 ,采用非饱和土强度理论 ,编制了可考虑基质吸力影响的边坡安全系数计算程序 ;讨论了降雨强度、降雨持续时间、土壤初始含水量和土的渗透系数等参数对降雨入渗及边坡安全性的影响。     

中俄跨界水体水质联合监测项目分析方法的异同分析

本文对中俄跨界水体水质联合监测工作中使用的32个项目的各自的国标分析测试方法进行了文本和试验比对,并将方法比对研究成果分成5种类型进行了总结与讨论。研究表明:在严格按照方法规范操作情况下,两国32个项目尽管有着不同程度的差异,但总体的比对结果较好,除高锰酸盐指数、乙草胺和磷酸盐存在系统误差外,均取得较好的可比性。同时说明采样、样品的预处理、保存、运输等环节仍存在造成差异的因素。建议中俄双方针对目前实际监测数据差异较大的项目更多的开展分析方法的研究,及时交换研究成果;规范样品采集、运输、保存以及预处理的程序与步骤,相互交流探讨,共同提高监测技术水平。     

养殖塘CH4通量时空变化特征及其影响因素

本研究基于多通道密闭式动态箱法对亚热带典型养殖塘CH₄通量的时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明：亚热带养殖塘CH₄主要排放方式是冒泡,CH₄扩散及冒泡通量均呈现明显的季节变化特征.春、夏、秋、冬4个季节CH₄扩散通量分别为：0.113,0.830,0.002,0.005μmol/（m²·s）,冒泡通量分别为0.923,1.789,0.006,0.007μmol/（m²·s）,冒泡通量占总通量的比例分别为89.04%、68.29%、78.95%和60.52%.在冬、春季养殖塘没有人工管理措施的情况下,CH₄通量随着离岸距离的增加而增大,冬、春季养殖塘中间区域CH₄总通量分别是岸边浅水区的34.70和2.98倍.夏季养殖活跃期CH₄通量在空间上呈现出：人工投食区（7.371μmol/（m²·s））>自然生长区（2.151μmol/（m²·s））>人工增氧区（0.888μmol/（m²·s））>岸边浅水区（0.206μmol/（m²·s））的特征.在0.5h尺度上,春季CH₄扩散通量与水温呈显著正相关关系,与风速呈负相关关系,秋季CH₄扩散通量与水温、风速呈正相关关系,冒泡通量和水温呈正相关关系.在日尺度上,水温是CH₄扩散通量和冒泡通量的主控因子,两者均随着水温升高呈指数增加,并且冒泡通量的水温敏感性Q₁₀（12.72）大于扩散通量（7.78）.     

Flexible options to provide energy for capturing carbon dioxide in coal-fired power plants under the Clean Development Mechanism

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Operators of coal-fired power plants with carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) can provide energy for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture by...     

基于光谱分析仪的通量-梯度法测量小型池塘水-气界面温室气体交换通量

小型池塘作为内陆水体的一部分,是被忽视的温室气体重要排放源.本研究主要利用通量-梯度方法测量长江三角洲地区的一处小型池塘水-气界面温室气体(CO_2和CH_4)交换通量.结果表明:1零梯度测试结果显示本套通量-梯度系统测量H_2O、CO_2和CH_4通量的精度分别为7.525 W·m-2、0.022 mg·(m2·s)-1、0.054μg·(m2·s)-1,并且在正常实验观测期间3种气体(H_2O、CO_2和CH_4)的通量值分别有84%、80%和94%的结果高于零梯度测试精度,以上结果可以保证本套通量-梯度系统具有足够的精度测量池塘水-气界面温室气体交换通量;2通量-梯度计算结果表明此小型池塘在夏季为CO_2和CH_4的排放源,其排放通量平均值分别为0.038 mg·(m2·s)-1和0.889μg·(m2·s)-1,其中CH_4排放通量远高于内陆湖泊甲烷排放通量的中值,说明小型池塘的温室气体排放量是估算内陆水体温室气体排放量特别是CH_4排放量中不可忽视的重要量值,本研究结果可为准确估算区域温室气体排放量提供科学参考.     

加油加气站雷击静电事故分析及安全防护技术

雷击主要损坏加油加气站电子系统设备并引发一系列危害,大都是雷电波侵入和雷电反击造成,静电易引发火灾和爆炸。结合近几年来,山东省淄博地区汽车加油加气站现有防雷防静电装置的检测（验收）情况,归纳出缺少防直击雷装置、缺失SPD防护、未共用同一地网等五个方面的重大安全隐患,并逐一给出整改措施。对大型加油加气站应依据雷电灾害风险评估来确定其防雷类别,新建站的防雷防静电装置应严格按照设计、施工和验收＂三同时＂原则,建立雷击静电事故应急处置预案和定期检测与维护防雷防静电装置是加油加气站安全生产的重要关键环节。     

淄博市雷电灾害易损性风险评估及区划

从雷电灾害易损性分析角度出发,利用山东省淄博市8个气象台站1963-2012年雷暴日资料和2002-2012年雷电灾害资料,结合各区县的经济和人口密度特征,选取雷击大地密度、雷电灾害频度、经济易损模数、生命易损模数4个指标,对淄博市雷电灾害易损性进行了评估。结果显示：张店区、淄川区是极高易损区,沂源县、临淄区为高易损区,博山区、周村区是中易损区,桓台县为低易损区,高青县为极低易损区。初步形成了各地易损性结构和淄博市雷电灾害易损度区划图,为各级政府和相关管理部门指导城市规划、防御和减轻雷电灾害提供了客观的科学依据。     

模糊语言视角下城市轨道交通施工风险评价

为了降低城市轨道交通工程在施工过程中的风险,从模糊语言视角对城市轨道交通施工风险进行分析.首先,通过文献分析和现场调查,建立风险评价指标体系;其次,利用区间直觉模糊区间熵计算专家权重和准则权重;然后,利用区间直觉模糊不确定语言集进行风险因素排序和风险评价;最后,以西安地铁1号线五路口车站施工为例,与FANPCE方法进行对比分析,验证所构建模型的可行性和有效性.研究表明,所构建模型有助于同时表达风险数据的模糊性和语言描述性,计算结果采用区间值的形式能够弱化风险数据的不确定性,使计算结果更符合工程实际,有助于更准确地预知主要风险因素和风险状态.