Chemical characteristics of road dust PM2.5 fraction in oasis cities at the margin of Tarim Basin

In order to understand the compositions characteristics of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) fraction in road dust (RD_2.5) of oasis cities on the edge of Tarim Basin, 30 road dust (RD) samples were collected in Kashi, Cele, and Yutian in the spring, 2018, and RD_2.5 was collected using the resuspension approach. Eight water-soluble ions, 39 trace elements and 8 fractions of carbon-containing species in PM_2.5 were analyzed. Ca²⁺ and Ca were the most abundant ions and elements in RD_2.5 (7.1% and 9.5%). Cl^- in RD_2.5 was affected not only by attributed to saline-alkali soils in oasis cities of the Tarim Basin and dust from Taklimakan Desert but also by human activities. Moreover, the organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio indicated that carbon components in RD_2.5 in Cele town mainly come from fossil fuel combustion, while those in Yutian and Kashi mainly come from biomass combustion. It is noteworthy that high Ca in RD_2.5 was seriously affected by anthropogenic emissions, and high Na and K contents in RD_2.5 could be derived from soil and desert dust. It was estimated that Cd, Tl, Sn and Cr were emitted from anthropogenic emissions using the enrichment factor. The coefficients of divergence (COD) result indicated that the influence of local emission on road dust emission is greater than that of long-distance transmission. This study is the first time to comprehensively analyze the chemical characteristics of road dust in oasis cities, and the results provides the sources of road dust at the margin of Tarim Basin.     

Metabolomic modulations in a freshwater microbial community exposed to the fungicide azoxystrobin

An effective broad-spectrum fungicide, azoxystrobin (AZ), has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems, potentially affecting the growth of aquatic microorganisms. In the present study, the eukaryotic alga Monoraphidium sp. and the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena sp. were exposed to AZ for 7 days. Our results showed that 0.2–0.5 mg/L concentrations of AZ slightly inhibited the growth of Monoraphidium sp. but stimulated Pseudanabaena sp. growth. Meanwhile, AZ treatment effectively increased the secretion of total organic carbon (TOC) in the culture media of the two species, and this phenomenon was also found in a freshwater microcosm experiment (containing the natural microbial community). We attempted to assess the effect of AZ on the function of aquatic microbial communities through metabolomic analysis and further explore the potential risks of this compound. The metabonomic profiles of the microcosm indicated that the most varied metabolites after AZ treatment were related to the citrate cycle (TCA), fatty acid biosynthesis and purine metabolism. We thereby inferred that the microbial community increased extracellular secretions by adjusting metabolic pathways, which might be a stress response to reduce AZ toxicity. Our results provide an important theoretical basis for further study of fungicide stress responses in aquatic microcosm microbial communities, as well as a good start for further explorations of AZ detoxification mechanisms, which will be valuable for the evaluation of AZ environmental risk.     

Analytical methods and environmental processes of nanoplastics

The degradation of plastic debris may result in the generation of nanoplastics (NPs). Their high specific surface area for the sorption of organic pollutions and toxic heavy metals and possible transfer between organisms at different nutrient levels make the study of NPs an urgent priority. However, there is very limited understanding on the occurrence, distribution, abundant, and fate of NPs in the environment, partially due to the lack of suitable techniques for the separation and identification of NPs from complex environmental matrices. In this review, we first overviewed the state-of-the-art methods for the extraction, separation, identification and quantification of NPs in the environment. Some of them have been successfully applied for the field determination of NPs, while some are borrowed from the detection of microplastics or engineered nanomaterials. Then the possible fate and transport of NPs in the environment are thoroughly described. Although great efforts have been made during the recent years, large knowledge gaps still exist, such as the relatively high detection limit of existing method failing to detect ultralow masses of NPs in the environment, and spherical polystyrene NP models failing to represent the various compositions of NPs with different irregular shapes, which needs further investigation.     

2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域水质改善效果评价

分别采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数评价法和模糊综合评价法对2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域的水质改善效果进行评价分析。结果表明:3种方法的评价结果基本一致,2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域整体水质呈现改善趋势。但各方法侧重点有所不同。单因子评价结果显示,海河流域21项污染因子Ⅰ—Ⅲ类数量占比由2015年的69.63%增加至2018年的89.52%,劣Ⅴ类占比由2015年的15.13%减少至2018年的0.85%;海河流域综合污染指数由2015年的0.89降低至2018年的0.56,水质级别由中度污染改善为轻度污染,其中卫河、共产主义渠、大沙河、安阳河、汤河、马颊河的水质状况均有一定改善;模糊评价结果显示,NH₃-N和TP在9项评价因子中权重占比较大,是河南省辖海河流域的主要污染因子;2018年8条河流均达到Ⅰ—Ⅲ类水质。前2种评价方法适用于管理分析,模糊评价法可补充说明河流存在的问题,更适用于研究工作。     

纳米零价铁的制备技术及其应用研究进展

纳米零价铁（nZVI）因具有还原性强、粒径小、比表面积大等特性,对重金属及含卤有机污染物等具有良好的吸附特性和反应活性,在环境修复方面表现出较好的应用前景。但nZVI易氧化、团聚和机械强度低等不利因素限制了其大规模应用。系统比较了机械法、气体冷凝法及还原法制备nZVI技术的特点,重点总结表面改性、金属改性、载体负载和基质封装等手段制备改性nZVI的研究进展,及其在水体及土壤环境修复方面的应用。     

以牺牲阳极强化的电化学联用方法修复铬污染土壤

为解决重金属污染土在电动法修复过程中存在的聚焦效应问题,提出了牺牲铁阳极的电化学联用修复技术。在传统电动修复方法基础上增加电解液净化循环装置,优化Cr（Ⅵ）还原及沉淀所需技术参数,并与传统电动修复技术进行对比,探讨其修复效果及适用性。结果表明:迁出的Cr（Ⅵ）可在Fe2+作用下被还原为Cr（Ⅲ）并沉淀,pH、电压梯度、电流密度、电极面积均会影响其反应速率,电极距离对反应速率无直接影响,主要影响电解功率。Cr（Ⅵ）还原-沉淀反应的最佳技术参数为:pH值5~6.5,电压梯度0.8 V/cm,电流密度>6.67 mA/cm2,电极面积90 cm2,电极距离15 cm;较传统电动修复技术,以牺牲阳极强化铬污染土的电化学联用修复技术中,土壤室不同点位的去除率波动范围在10%,最高点位的去除率提高近24%,达93.4%。靠近阳极附近土体中Cr（Ⅵ）去除率从0.24%提高到80.38%。以牺牲阳极强化污染土的电化学联用修复方法不仅有效解决了重金属迁移的聚焦问题,而且有助于促进土中重金属污染物的整体性迁出。     

圆红冬孢酵母利用生物柴油副产物粗甘油产油脂的影响因素分析

以餐饮废油制备生物柴油的副产物粗甘油为碳源,采用圆红冬孢酵母发酵生产微生物油脂。通过对发酵影响因素的优化,确定了最适发酵条件为:种子复苏时长24 h、富集时长10 h、接种量为6%、初始粗甘油浓度为60 g/L、C/N为60、有机氮占总氮比例为75%、发酵体积为100 mL、发酵温度为30 ℃、发酵时间为6 d,在此条件下,获得总产油量为10.56 g/L,油脂产率为0.229。与无机氮源硫酸铵相比,有机氮源蛋白胨的添加显著提高了油脂含量和总产油量。通过测定油脂的脂肪酸成分并利用Hoekman方程估算所得生物柴油的性能指标,表明其符合中国、美国及欧盟标准。该方法既为粗甘油的再利用提供了一条新途径,又为生物柴油的生产提供了廉价的原材料。     

Concentrations and chemical compositions of PM10 during hazy and non-hazy days in Beijing

In order to study the concentrations of major components,characteristics and comparison in hazy and non-hazy days of PM_(10) in Beijing,aerosol samples were collected at urban site in Beijing from December 29,2014 to January 22,2015.Heavy metals like Zn,Pb,Mn,Cu,As,V,Cr and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effects on human being;nine water-soluble inorganic ions(SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-,NH_4~+,Na~+,K~+,Cl~-,Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+)) and carbon fractions(OC and EC) were also analyzed.The concentrations of heavy metals were 1.03–1.98 times higher in hazy days than those in non-hazy days,mainly due to biomass burning and coal burning.The trends in total heavy metals concentrations were basically consistent with the trends in PM concentrations except for two obvious periods(12.29–12.30;1.14–1.15);but when air masses accumulated locally or around Beijing,trends in PM concentrations and heavy metals were opposite.The proportion for NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-) indicated that mobile sources such as automobiles were important reasons for haze in Beijing.Correlation between OC and EC during non-hazy days was strong(R~2= 0.95) but it was low(R~2= 0.67) during hazy days,and large variations for OC/EC values occurred in hazy days.The calculated mass concentration of SOC is 2.58 μg/m~3,which only accounted for 10.1% of the OC concentration.When air masses from the far north-west,they decreased PM concentration in Beijing and they were relatively clean;however,those from the near east,south-east and south of the mainland increased PM concentration and they were dirty.     

弹射起飞和拦阻着陆冲击试验方法探讨

目的研究舰载机机载装备弹射起飞和拦阻着陆冲击试验的工程实现方法。方法从GJB 150.18A—2009、MIL-STD-810F/G及其提供的实测数据出发,分析弹射起飞和拦阻着陆冲击载荷特征,对几种常用试验方法的工程实现进行探讨和比较。结果弹射起飞和拦阻着陆冲击具有瞬态、交变、低频、大位移、高速度等特征。阻尼正弦波方法的实施路径比较明确,复杂波形再现方法实施路径比较模糊且复杂,超长脉冲半正弦波方法具有多种局限性,前两种方法的速度、位移都较大。结论阻尼正弦波方法较复杂波形再现方法更容易实现,但两者都需要大位移、高速度的专用冲击试验设备和适当的波形处理技术,超长脉冲半正弦波方法在前面两种标准推荐方法能够实现时,不建议使用。     

UASB启动运行特征及互营丙酸氧化菌定量分析

为揭示升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器启动运行效能与互营丙酸降解菌群数量之间的关系,以稀释的玉米淀粉生产废水为底物,考察了UASB启动期的运行特征,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术（qPCR）分析了互营丙酸降解菌群（丙酸氧化菌和产甲烷菌）的演替规律.结果表明,在进水COD 2000mg/L和水力停留时间（HRT）24h条件下,经过38d的连续运行,COD去除率达到了91.9%.当HRT分阶段缩短至8h时,比产甲烷速率达到了315LCH₄/（kg COD·d）,且形成了沉降性能良好的颗粒污泥.qPCR检测结果表明,至少有5种已鉴定的丙酸氧化菌存在于UASB反应器中.Pelotomaculum propionicum为接种污泥中的主要丙酸氧化菌,约占检测到丙酸氧化菌总数的45.7%.它的数量随着HRT缩短不断减少.而Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens和S.wolinii的数量随着HRT缩短不断增加,并在启动完成时达到最大值,分别为1.3×10³,5.5×10³个16S rRNA基因拷贝数/ng DNA,演替成为成熟颗粒污泥中的优势丙酸氧化菌群.Methanobacterium和Methanosarcina为接种污泥中的主要氢营养型产甲烷菌和乙酸营养型产甲烷菌,其数量随着HRT的缩短而逐渐减少,而Methanospirillum和Methanosaeta的数量随HRT的缩短逐渐增加,成为成熟颗粒污泥中的优势产甲烷菌群.