基于目标责任区际优化的耕地保护补偿

耕地保护目标责任与区域补偿标准的合理确定是保证耕地保护区域补偿实施效果的关键。针对以往耕地保护目标责任忽视耕地资源禀赋与社会经济发展差异的不足,本文构建分区异步元胞自动机模型开展了耕地区际布局优化,并据此优化区域耕地保护目标责任。在此基础上,针对当前研究中耕地保护区域补偿标准与耕地非农化收益及耕地赤字/盈余水平脱节、难以真正起到耕地保护杠杆作用的不足,本文提出了以耕地资源价值为基础,引入耕地非农化收益确定耕地保护区域补偿标准,并根据耕地保护目标责任优化结果测算区域耕地赤字/盈余水平对耕地保护区域补偿价值标准进行修正,以实现"以布局引导补偿,以补偿实现保护"。以全国首批"两型社会"建设试验区武汉城市圈为案例区开展了实证研究,结果表明:1根据资源禀赋与经济发展区域差异确定区域耕地保护目标责任可以在实现全区域粮食安全的基础上使区域耕地非农化压力得到最大限度的释放,有利于耕地保护目标的实现;2以耕地非农化收益和耕地资源价值为基础,采用区域耕地赤字/盈余进行修正得到耕地保护区域补偿标准,可以起到激励耕地保护的杠杆作用;3基于目标责任区际优化的耕地保护区域补偿是协调我国快速城镇化进程中城镇用地扩张与耕地保护矛盾的重要途径,能起到激励耕地保护、抑制耕地非农化的作用。     

运动消耗对草鱼幼鱼游泳能力的影响

以草鱼幼鱼（体长80~97 cm,体重96~134 g）为研究对象,采用实验室专利装置研究了不同运动消耗状态下的草鱼幼鱼游泳能力。结果表明：在正常状态下草鱼幼鱼的临界游泳速度[WTBX]（Ucrit）为711±060 BL/s,耗氧率（MO2）与流速（U）方程拟合为MO2=4705+419U123,耗氧率随着流速的增大而增大,且草鱼的有氧运动效率较高。在4种运动消耗状态（06Ucrit、08Ucrit、10Ucrit、12Ucrit）流速下运动1 h草鱼的消耗后临界游泳速度（Upcrit）分别为：725±135、633±06、626±08、560±04 BL/s,临界游泳速度随着前期消耗流速的增大而减小,相应的耗氧率方程拟合为：MO2=38269+465U144,MO2=44526+4223U146,MO2=46611+4790U149,MO2=60034+3883U151。运动消耗会导致草鱼的有氧运动效率降低,同时随着运动消耗速度的增加有氧运动效率随之降低。研究结果认为在设计以草鱼为主要过鱼对象的过鱼设施时,鱼道内的流速不应大于08Ucrit,以使鱼类顺利通过。针对不同过鱼对象游泳特性进行设计的鱼道能够提高鱼类通过鱼道的效率     

The rationales behind the unit-segment theory and its analysis methodology for modeling vehicular movement networks

The theory of space accessibility analysis, space syntax, has been considered for capturing trip-makers’ route-choice decisions with an understanding that, while selecting routes, trip-makers tend to follow forward-facing fields traditionally represented by axial lines. But the idea of treating axial lines as a set of roadway segments representing an urban texture has remained under scrutiny when distinct procedures have been tested without much success. Nor has the axial-line theory seemed to gain much popularity within the orthodox transportation planning community. Studies show that a long axial line is found gaining configurational centrality, in general, for being well connected to its incident lines. Fragmenting a long axial line results in weakening it (in centrality terms), but also in generating a locally oriented model. Recent investigations, dealing with this problem, have resulted in the emergence of the unit-segment theory, which has turned out to be more sensitive to the local structures located within a large urban texture than the axial counterpart for the purpose of modeling vehicular movement networks without using origin–destination trip-counts. Essentially, the question now is: Is the unit-segment analysis also capable of generating syntax configurations that are equally sensitive to large and complex urban textures? What should be the methodology of such an analysis? This paper throws deeper insights into these questions by producing theoretical and empirical research findings and seeks to develop a common ground for both transportation planning and space syntax communities to work together for gaining a better understanding of how urban configurations relate to urban vehicular movement networks.     

Suitable error evaluation criteria selection in the wind energy assessment via the K-means clustering algorithm

In this paper, wind energy potential of four locations in Xinjiang region is assessed. The Weibull distribution as well as the Logistic and the Lognormal distributions are applied to describe the distributions of the wind speed at different heights. In determining the parameters in the Weibull distribution, four intelligent parameter optimization approaches including the differential evolutionary, the particle swarm optimization, and two other approaches derived from these two algorithms and combined advantages of these two approaches are employed. Then the optimal distribution is chosen through the Chi-square error (CSE), the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test error (KSE), and the root mean square error (RMSE) criteria. However, it is found that the variation range of some criteria is quite large, thus these criteria are analyzed and evaluated both from the anomalous values and by the K-means clustering method. Anomaly observation results have shown that the CSE is the first one should be considered to be eliminated from the consequent optimal distribution function selection. This idea is further confirmed by the K-means clustering algorithm, by which the CSE is clustered into a different group with KSE and RMSE. Therefore, only the reserved two error evaluation criteria are utilized to evaluate the wind power potential.     

Healing the wounds in the landscape—reclaiming gravel roads in conservation areas

Reclaiming abandoned and unmaintained roads, built originally for forestry and mineral extraction, is an important part of ecological restoration, because the roads running through natural habitats cause fragmentation. The roads can be reclaimed in a passive way by blocking access to the road, but successful seedling recruitment may require additional management due to the physical constraints present at the road. We established a full factorial study to compare the effects of three road reclaiming measures, namely ripping, creation of safe sites by adding mulch and pine seed addition, on soil processes, recovery of understorey vegetation and seedling recruitment in three conservation areas in eastern Finland. We surveyed soil organic matter, frequency and cover of plant functional types, litter and mineral soil, and number of tree seedlings. The soil organic matter was, on average, 1.3-fold in the 50-cm-deep ripping treatment relative to unripped and 20-cm-deep ripping treatments. The germination and survival of deciduous seedlings and grass establishment were promoted by adding mulch. The addition of pine seeds counteracted the seed limitation and enhanced the regeneration of trees. The treatment combination consisting of ripping, adding mulch and pine seed addition enhanced the vegetation succession and tree-seedling recruitment most: the cover of grasses, herbs and ericaceous dwarf shrubs was 1.3–7.6-fold and the number of coniferous tree seedlings was 3.4–7.1-fold relative to the other treatment combinations. Differences between short-term (1–3 years) and longer-term (6 years) results indicate the need for a sufficient observation period in road reclamation studies.     

Estuarine circulation in the Taranto Seas

The Taranto basin is a shallow water marine system in the South of Italy characterized by the presence of a lagoon environment together with a semi-enclosed bay connected to the Ionian Sea. This marine system experienced over the last few decades strong biochemical pollution and environmental degradation, and it is considered a hotspot study site for economic, ecological and scientific reasons. The aim of this study was to examine, on an annual temporal scale and with high spatial resolution, the main hydrodynamical processes and transport scales of the system by means of a 3D finite element numerical model application, adopting the most realistic forcing available. The model allowed us to assess the role played by baroclinic terms in the basin circulation, describing its estuarine nature. In particular, the main features of water circulation, salinity and temperature distribution, water renewal time and bottom stress were investigated. Our results allowed us to equate this system dynamic to that of a weakly stratified estuary, identifying the main driving sources of this mechanism. The vertical stratification over the whole year was proved to be stable, leading to a dual circulation flowing out on the surface, mainly through Porta Napoli channel, and inflowing on the bottom mainly through Navigabile channel. This process was responsible also for the renewal time faster on the bottom of the Mar Piccolo basin than the surface. Due to the great importance of the Taranto basin for what concerns sediment pollution, also the effect of currents in terms of bottom stress was investigated, leading to the conclusion that only in the inlets area the values of bottom stress can be high enough to cause erosion.     

In situ immobilization of cadmium in soil by stabilized biochar-supported iron phosphate nanoparticles

The potential for nanoscale phosphate amendments to remediate heavy metal contamination has been widely investigated, but the strong tendency of nanoparticles to form aggregates limits the application of this technique in soil. This study synthesized a composite of biochar-supported iron phosphate nanoparticle (BC@Fe₃(PO₄)₂) stabilized by a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose to improve the stability and mobility of the amendment in soil. The sedimentation test and column test demonstrated that BC@Fe₃(PO₄)₂ exhibited better stability and mobility than iron phosphate nanoparticles. After 28 days of simulated in situ remediation, the immobilization efficiency of Cd was 60.2 %, and the physiological-based extraction test bioaccessibility was reduced by 53.9 %. The results of sequential extraction procedures indicated that the transformation from exchangeable (EX) Cd to organic matter (OM) and residue (RS) was responsible for the decrease in Cd leachability in soil. Accordingly, the pot test indicated that Cd uptake by cabbage mustard was suppressed by 86.8 %. Compared to tests using iron phosphate nanoparticles, the addition of BC@Fe₃(PO₄)₂ to soil could reduce the Fe uptake of cabbage mustard. Overall, this study revealed that BC@Fe₃(PO₄)₂ could provide effective in situ remediation of Cd in soil.