废钻井液对环境污染及固化处理室内研究

目前我国许多油田钻井井场位于稻田、麦田、虾池和鱼塘周围，而废钻井液中含有无机盐、重金属组分、油品及大量有机聚合物，其中有些是有害物质，一口井的废钻井液一般可达200～300m~3。这些废钻井液堆放在井场不进行处理会对周围环境造成较大污染。为此，如何处理这些废钻井液是目前令人极为关心的课题。本文分析了我国一些油田废钻井液的毒性；介绍了毒性提取、评价方法及其对土壤、植物和海洋生物的影响，同时重点介绍用化学固化方法处理废钻井液的结果。通过对现场的5个废钻井液的固化处理室内试验证实，废钻井液固化后有一定强度，其水浸出液清彻透明，达到排放标准，固化体可进行掩埋恢复地貌，也可作为建筑材料使用。     

氧化塘-浮石床湿地系统处理城市污染河水

以氧化塘-浮石床湿地复合系统为研究对象,探讨了该系统在旱期与雨期工况下分别处理城市旱期低污染河水与雨期重污染河水的运行状况,结果表明:该复合系统可有效处理旱期低污染河水和雨期重污染河水。系统在旱期工况(塘与湿地的水力负荷分别为0.22,0.37 m/d)与雨期工况下分别处理低污染河水和重污染河水的出水中SS、COD、TP、TN与NH4+-N均达GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准。     

基于PSR的生态安全演变对气候变暖的响应

近50多年来南宁市气候变化总趋势在逐渐变暖,80年代中期开始变暖明显,增幅加大.对气候变暖明显的近20 a,根据压力-状态-响应概念模型,构建了一个城市生态安全评价指标体系和综合评价模型,对南宁市生态安全的现状和发展趋势做出了评价.分析结果表明,虽然南宁市的总体生态安全状况得到一定程度的改善,但是随着气候变暖引起的旱涝灾害日趋分布不均,资源环境压力不断恶化,而人文响应指标趋于稳定平缓的阶段,如果不引起足够的重视,这势必给城市的社会经济发展及生态环境改善带来不利影响.     

Enhanced anaerobic biodegradability and inactivation of fecal coliforms and Salmonella spp. in wastewater sludge by using microwaves.

During continuous operation of three mesophilic-anaerobic digesters, the effect of microwave irradiation, as sludge thermal pretreatment (60 to 65 degrees C), was studied. The fecal coliforms log inactivation for microwaved/digested sludge was 4.2 +/- 0.4, whereas for conventionally heated/digested sludge and control were 2.9 +/- 0.5 and 1.5 +/- 0.5, respectively. In the case of Salmonella spp., no colonies were detected in 85% of the microwaved/digested samples. Considering the detection limit, the log inactivation of these samples was greater than 2.0 +/- 0.3. The conventionally heated/digested sludge and control showed log inactivations of 1.9 +/- 0.2 and 1.1 +/- 0.3, respectively. At the 95% confidence level, microwaved/digested sludge increased the biogas production by 16.4 +/- 5.6% and 6.3 +/- 2.4%, as compared to control and conventionally heated/digested sludge, respectively. When thermally treated sludge was analyzed for soluble chemical oxygen demand, microwaved waste-activated sludge showed considerable solubilization between 37 and 60 degrees C. Microwaved/digested sludge showed a reduction of capillary suction times by 11.1 +/- 5.9% and 10.7 +/- 5.6%, as compared to control and conventionally heated/digested sludge, respectively.     

Conducting in-depth accident studies

In 1983 the Accident Research Unit at the Institute for Consumer Ergonomics began a major study, sponsored by the UK Department of Transport and three motor companies, to investigate the causes of injury to occupants in car accidents. This study has been under way for nearly ten years and the database of information is one of the most comprehensive of its kind in the world. This information plays a key role in establishing the priorities for safety research in the UK, based on real life accident data. This paper is concerned with the practical aspects of the collection and analysis of real life accident data. Issues include the establishment and maintenance of collaboration with police forces, hospital consultants and coroners; recruitment and training of staff; accident sampling; data quality control and large scale project management. The case is also made for the need to establish a coordinated European database of accident information to facilitate the development of appropriate safety requirements and to set priorities for safety research in Europe.     

我国电子废弃物收集体系构想

解决中国电子废弃物问题，一是控制电子废弃物进入非正式循环利用者手中；二是把非正式循环利用系统纳入良好的电子废弃物管理系统，使之成为更有效和对环境友好的系统。因此，如何把千家万户废弃的电子废弃物有效收集起来，是关系到电子废弃物管理和循环利用的重要环节。在我国建立良好的电子废弃物收集体系，应以市场经济和目前我国“城乡二元经济”为基础，建立具有收集主体多元化、收集方式多样化，收集途径多渠道等特点的电子废弃物收集体系。     

广州感潮河段西航道水源水体富营养化限制因素的研究

随着城区的不断扩大，广州市饮用水源地水质日益变差，部分潮汐水体曾经出现富营养化的现象，控制污染，保护水源的饮用水安全已经越来越迫切。文章通过现场水体水样的氮、磷实验，找出水体富营养化的限制因素，为控制水污染提供有效的科学依据。     

酸雨判别基准值探讨

根据大气中实际存在的一些痕量气体(如SO_2,,H_2S,NH_3,HCl,HNO_3和HNO_2)的背景浓度的新近资料,利用化学平衡模式进行了计算。结果表明,这些本底痕量气体和降雨强度均影响降水的酸度,使其pH值在3.93—4.46范围内。此外,气溶胶的酸碱性和浓度也强烈影响降水的酸度。同时考虑大气中痕量气体背景浓度和碳酸钙后,降水的pH值在4.0—5.4之间。对降水酸度随降雨强度变化的规律,用Lowry-Bronsted的酸碱质子理论作了解释。     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号在土壤中的吸附与淋溶

用批量平衡法研究了昆虫生长调节剂灭幼脲Ⅲ号在四种不同类型土壤中的吸附行为,测定其吸附常数,给出吸附等温线;并研究了它在上述四种土壤中的淋溶行为.结果表明,Freun-dlich经验公式能较好地描述灭幼脲Ⅲ号在土壤中的吸附状况.试验表明,该农药在土壤中的迁移能力较差。     

岩体质量对地下洞室围岩稳定性的影响

在现场调查的基础上,通过对西南某电站地下厂房洞室群围岩岩体质量的分析评价,采用三维有限元数值分析方法,对比分析不同岩体质量条件下,洞室开挖后围岩的二次应力场、变形场和塑性破坏区的差异。较全面地讨论了岩体质量对地下洞室围岩稳定性的影响。