Electrocatalytic biofilm reactor for effective and energy-efficient azo dye degradation: the synergistic effect of MnOx/Ti flow-through anode and biofilm on the cathode

● MnO _x /Ti flow-through anode was coupled with the biofilm-attached cathode in ECBR. ● ECBR was able to enhance the azo dye removal and reduce the energy consumption. ● Mn^IV=O generated on the electrified MnO _x /Ti anode catalyzed the azo dye oxidation. ● Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria on the cathode degraded azo dye intermediate products. ● Biodegradation of intermediate products was stimulated under the electric field. Dyeing wastewater treatment remains a challenge. Although effective, the in-series process using electrochemical oxidation as the pre- or post-treatment of biodegradation is long. This study proposes a compact dual-chamber electrocatalytic biofilm reactor (ECBR) to complete azo dye decolorization and mineralization in a single unit via anodic oxidation on a MnO_x/Ti flow-through anode followed by cathodic biodegradation on carbon felts. Compared with the electrocatalytic reactor with a stainless-steel cathode (ECR-SS) and the biofilm reactor (BR), the ECBR increased the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency by 24 % and 31 % (600 mg/L Acid Orange 7 as the feed, current of 6 mA), respectively. The COD removal efficiency of the ECBR was even higher than the sum of those of ECR-SS and BR. The ECBR also reduced the energy consumption (3.07 kWh/kg COD) by approximately half compared with ECR-SS. The advantages of the ECBR in azo dye removal were attributed to the synergistic effect of the MnO_x/Ti flow-through anode and cathodic biofilms. Catalyzed by Mn^IV=O generated on the MnO_x/Ti anode under a low applied current, azo dyes were oxidized and decolored. The intermediate products with improved biodegradability were further mineralized by the cathodic aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (non-electrochemically active) under the stimulation of the applied current. Taking advantage of the mutual interactions among the electricity, anode, and bacteria, this study provides a novel and compact process for the effective and energy-efficient treatment of azo dye wastewater.     

混凝土箱形截面考虑二阶效应的配筋图算法

箱形和工字形截面是工程中常用的截面形式,但按《混凝土结构设计规范》计算此类截面的配筋公式繁多,还需事先判断,然后选择相应的计算公式,比如拉弯时,要判断拉力合力点是否在大小两侧钢筋之间,区分小偏拉或大偏拉;压弯时,要判断大小偏心,除此之外,还需判断中性轴是否在翼缘或在腹板内等.为了方便快速计算,本文不采用规范中的等效矩形...     

沙尘暴中的能量反馈

沙尘暴是一种风沙灾害天气.在沙尘暴发生后,尘暴中浓密的沙尘对系统的涡旋能量有调节作用,从而导致沙尘暴具有区别于风暴的行为模式.从沙尘暴的微观结构及涡旋能量入手,分析了尘暴中沙尘有效辐射效应形成的条件,认为沙尘暴在沙尘颗粒参与下,沙尘有效辐射效应对锋面前后涡旋能量的调整是重要的能量反馈机制,认为辐射效应有着时间与区域的不同,从而导致沙尘暴在白天发展、持续,在夜间消亡,其发生频率随纬度升高显现日期延后的现象.分析认为,沙尘暴中类似于风暴体的结构是沙尘暴的核心所在,其中存在的能量反馈机理有规律性,利用这种机制可帮助调控沙尘暴,指导制定减灾政策.     

利用城市污泥防治水土流失

根据城市污泥的特点,分析了城市污泥在改良土壤和防治水土流失上应用的必要性和可能性,指出了存在的问题和对策。     

汶川8.0级地震都江堰市天然气系统震害分析及救灾过程

四川都江堰市地处龙门山主山前边界大断裂上,在汶川8.0级地震烈度分布图中属于Ⅸ度区,是地震受灾最严重的城市之一。作为城市生命线的天然气供应链在本次地震中遭遇了一定的破坏。通过对都江堰市天然气系统的基本构成、震害情况以及应急救灾过程等的调查与整理,对都江堰燃气系统中门站、CNG加气站、中压配气管网及低压配气支管各组成部分在地震中的震害情况进行了分析,对震后的应急处置措施、供气恢复策略及灾后重建工作进行了综述,总结了汶川地震中都江堰天然气系统的应灾经验及救灾环节中的不足之处,并就如何提高燃气系统的抗震应灾能力提出建议。     

改性稻草吸附铜离子的热力学研究

研究表明稻草改性后吸附铜离子的能力得到很大提高。在4种温度下（15、27、37、50℃）,改性稻草吸附铜离子的最大吸附量分别为1．10、1．24、1．34、1．50mmol／g。不同温度下,吸附自由能△G大大小于零,吸附过程具有强烈的自发趋势。吸附焙△H和吸附熵△S都大于零,吸附过程是熵增加推动的。     

Weight and salinity effects on zinc uptake and accumulation for the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin)

The power relationships of short-term net uptake and of in-situ body burden with body weight were examined. The accumulation of soft tissue zinc in the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) was related to time integration of uptake. Short term uptake of (65)Zn was measured in the laboratory. It was (i) a function of the (dry soft-tissue) weight of the oyster, (ii) inversely related to the salinity of the ambient water, and (iii) increased linearly with ambient concentrations. When in-situ soft-tissue zinc body burdens of oysters from the James River and the Rappahannock River were fit to power functions of body weights (y = aWb), the values of b for all sites were larger by 1 than the powers for (65)Zn uptake when b was adjusted for the oyster-bed salinities. The soft-tissue zinc concentration (y/W) of an oyster increased continuously, but the rate of the increase was reduced as the oyster grows larger. Both short-term uptake and in-situ body burden varied with salinity. The soft-tissue zinc concentrations of hooked mussels (Ischadium recurvum) from the Rappahannock River oyster beds, contrary to the oysters, appeared to be in equilibrium with ambient concentrations.     

温度对湖泊沉积物中沉水植物残体厌氧分解的影响

淡水湖泊水生植物残体的腐烂分解过程为沉积物中的异养微生物提供了重要的碳源,但是目前关于温度对沉水植物残体有机质分解的影响研究还不够深入.本研究通过室内微宇宙模拟实验,研究了4℃和25℃时马来眼子菜残体在沉积物中厌氧分解特征及其主要的微生物代谢途径.结果表明,温度对马来眼子菜残体的分解影响显著,25℃实验组沉积物中总有机碳（TOC）和纤维素去除率显著高于4℃实验组.25℃实验组沉积物初始腐殖质占TOC比例为18.23%±1.47%,90 d后达到约46%,这说明微生物对马来眼子菜残体的分解促进了沉积物腐质化.此外,温度升高促进了纤维素降解细菌（如拟杆菌门,Bacteroidetes）的生长繁殖,且硫酸盐还原细菌（如GOUTA19、脱硫球菌属（Desulfocuccus）、LCP-6、HB118）和铁还原细菌（如地杆菌属,Geobacter）是沉积物中主要的优势菌种.在25℃条件下,微生物硫酸盐还原、铁还原和产甲烷作用占马来眼子菜残体厌氧代谢的比例分别达到37.3%、27.8%和10.3%.综上所述,本研究表明温度升高促进了沉积物中马来眼子菜残体的厌氧分解,且微生物硫酸盐还原、铁还原和产甲烷过程在其厌氧分解过程中发挥了重要作用.