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Kirwan N Oliver MA Moffat AJ Morgan GW 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,111(1-3):149-172
Long-term monitoring of forest soils as part of a pan-European network to detect environmental change depends on an accurate
determination of the mean of the soil properties at each monitoring event. Forest soil is known to be very variable spatially,
however. A study was undertaken to explore and quantify this variability at three forest monitoring plots in Britain. Detailed
soil sampling was carried out, and the data from the chemical analyses were analysed by classical statistics and geostatistics.
An analysis of variance showed that there were no consistent effects from the sample sites in relation to the position of
the trees. The variogram analysis showed that there was spatial dependence at each site for several variables and some varied
in an apparently periodic way. An optimal sampling analysis based on the multivariate variogram for each site suggested that
a bulked sample from 36 cores would reduce error to an acceptable level. Future sampling should be designed so that it neither
targets nor avoids trees and disturbed ground. This can be achieved best by using a stratified random sampling design. 相似文献