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281.
Monitoring was carried out of particulate concentrations whilst simultaneously walking and driving 48 routes in London, UK. Monitoring was undertaken during May and June 2005. Route lengths ranged from 601 to 1351 m, and most routes were travelled in both directions. Individual journey times ranged from 1.5 to 15 min by car (average 3.7 min) and 7.3 to 30 min (average 12.8 min) whilst walking; car trips were therefore repeated up to 5 times for each single walking trip and the results averaged for the route. Car trips were made with windows closed and the ventilation system on a moderate setting. Results show that mean exposures while walking are greatly in excess of those while driving, by a factor 4.7 for the coarse particle mass (PM10-PM2.5), 2.2 for the fine particle mass (PM2.5-PM1), 1.9 for the very fine particle mass (相似文献
282.
Watercraft collisions account for 25–30% of manatee deaths annually in Florida. Education and outreach interventions for boaters
are strategies for reducing manatee mortality. We evaluated the effectiveness of the Manatee Watch program by surveying primary
boat users whose boats were approached by Manatee Watch. We compared the attitudes, knowledge, and behavioral intentions of
boaters who received Manatee Watch materials with a control group of boaters observed by the Florida Marine Research Institute
in Tampa Bay during 1999–2001. Results of the 51-item telephone survey with 499 boaters indicated that the Manatee Watch intervention
had little effect on boater’s attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors regarding manatees. However, individual attitude scores
were positively correlated with safe boating behaviors in shallow waters including maintaining a slower speed and watching
out for manatees. Overall knowledge about manatees was correlated with one manatee-safe boating behavior. To improve efficacy,
educators should (a) incorporate evaluation into the planning stages of program development; (b) target messages to influence
boaters’ attitudes toward manatees and ecosystem health, and their feelings of ownership and empowerment; (c) facilitate active
participation of the boaters; and (d) increase the duration and variety of intervention. 相似文献
283.
Perucci P Dumontet S Casucci C Schnitzer M Dinel H Monaci E Vischetti C 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2006,41(6):1019-1036
To investigate the effects of moist olive husks (MOH-residues) on soil respiration, microbial biomass, and enzymatic (o-diphenoloxidase, beta-glucosidase, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase) activities, a silty clay soil was incubated with 0 (control), 8 x 10(3) (D), 16 x 10(3) (2D) and 80 x 10(3) (10D) kg ha-1 of MOH-residues on a dry weight basis. Soil respiration and microbial biomass data indicated that the addition of MOH-residues strongly increased microbial activity proportionally to the amounts added. Data of qCO2 suggested that the respiration to biomass ratio of the microbial population was strongly modified by MOH-residues additions during the first 90 days of incubation. The qCO2 data suggested a low efficiency in energy yields from C oxidation during the first 2 months of soil incubation. qFDA seemed to be relatively unaffected for treatments D and 2D as compared to the control, but was significantly lowered by the application of 10D, showing the lowest hydrolytic activity of microbial biomass in this treatment up to 360 days of incubation. o-Diphenoloxidase activity was delayed, and this delay was extended with the addition of larger quantities of MOH-residues. Alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucosidase and dehydrogenase activities were in line with the findings on microbial biomass changes and activities. The biological and biochemical data suggest that the addition of a large quantity of MOH-residues (80 x 10(3) kg ha-1) strongly modifies the soil characteristics affecting the r- and K-strategist populations, and that these changes last for at least the 360 days of incubation. The data also suggest that application rates exceeding 16 x 10(3) kg ha-1 are not recommended until the agro-chemical and -physical functions of the soil are further studied. 相似文献
284.
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - Within the field of geostatistics, Gaussian processes are a staple for modelling spatial and spatio-temporal data. Statistical literature is rich with... 相似文献