铁碳微电解-Fenton法预处理苯胺基乙腈生产废水的动力学研究

通过采用铁碳微电解-Fenton法预处理苯胺基乙腈生产废水的实验研究,分析了处理过程的COD降解动力学;同时研究了单纯活性炭吸附和微电解过程中COD去除率的变化。结果表明,铁碳微电解的初期COD降解过程近似符合一级反应动力学,并且得到微电解与活性炭吸附对铁碳微电解降解COD的关系式;Fenton反应中通过研究有机物浓度和过氧化氢初始浓度与反应进程的关系,建立了反应动力学模型;单纯吸附实验COD去除率在24h内快速下降,而微电解在相应时间内COD去除率波动较小,为实际应用提供了数据经验和理论依据。     

Aquatic predicted no-effect concentration for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and probabilistic ecological risk assessment in Liaodong Bay of the Bohai Sea, China

Predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) is often used in ecological risk assessment to determine low-risk concentrations for chemicals. In the present study, native marine species were selected for toxicity testing. The PNECs for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), specifically phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), were derived from chronic and acute toxicity data with log-normal statistical methods. The achieved PNECs for Phe, Pyr, and BaP were 2.33, 1.09, and 0.011 μg/L, respectively. In Jinzhou Bay and the Shuangtaizi River Estuary of Liaodong Bay in the Bohai Sea, China, the surface water concentrations of the three PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Based on two probabilistic ecological risk assessment (PERA) methods, namely probabilistic risk quotient and joint probability curve, the potential risk of Phe, Pyr, and BaP in Jinzhou Bay and Shuangtaizi River Estuary was assessed. The same order of ecological risk (BaP > Phe > Pyr) was found by both models. Our study considered regional characteristics of marine biota during the calculation of PNECs, and the PERA methods provided probabilities of potential ecological risks of chemicals. Within the study area, further research on BaP is required due to its high potential ecological risk.     

Zinc tolerance and accumulation in the salt-marsh shrub Halimione portulacoides

The halophytic shrub Halimione portulacoides is known to be capable of growth in soils containing extremely high concentrations of Zn. This study evaluated in detail the tolerance and accumulation potential of H. portulacoides under moderate and high external Zn levels. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of a range of Zn concentrations (0-130 mmol L⁻¹) on growth and photosynthetic performance by measuring relative growth rate, total leaf area, specific leaf area, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigment concentrations. We also determined the total zinc, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron and copper concentrations in the plant tissues. H. portulacoides demonstrated hypertolerance to Zn stress, since it survived with leaf concentrations of up to 2300 mg Zn kg⁻¹ dry mass, when treated with 130 mmol Zn L⁻¹. Zinc concentrations greater than 70 mmol L⁻¹ in the nutrient solution negatively affected plant growth, in all probability due to the recorded decline in net photosynthesis rate. Our results indicate that the Zn-induced decline in the photosynthetic function of H. portulacoides may be attributed to the adverse effect of the high concentration of the metal on photosynthetic electron transport. Growth parameters were virtually unaffected by leaf tissue concentrations as high as 1500 mg Zn kg⁻¹ dry mass, demonstrating the strong capability of H. portulacoides to protect itself against toxic Zn concentrations. The results of our study indicate that this salt-marsh shrub may represent a valuable tool in the restoration of Zn-polluted areas.     

Assessing and forecasting the impacts of global change on Mediterranean rivers. The SCARCE Consolider project on Iberian basins

Introduction

The Consolider-Ingenio 2010 project SCARCE, with the full title ??Assessing and predicting effects on water quantity and quality in Iberian Rivers caused by global change?? aims to examine and predict the relevance of global change on water availability, water quality, and ecosystem services in Mediterranean river basins of the Iberian Peninsula, as well as their socio-economic impacts. Starting in December 2009, it brought together a multidisciplinary team of 11 partner Spanish institutions, as well as the active involvement of water authorities, river basin managers, and other relevant agents as stakeholders.

Methods

The study areas are the Llobregat, Ebro, Jucar, and Guadalquivir river basins. These basins have been included in previous studies and projects, the majority of whom considered some of the aspects included in SCARCE but individually. Historical data will be used as a starting point of the project but also to obtain longer time series. The main added value of SCARCE project is the inclusion of scientific disciplines ranging from hydrology, geomorphology, ecology, chemistry, and ecotoxicology, to engineering, modeling, and economy, in an unprecedented effort in the Mediterranean area. The project performs data mining, field, and lab research as well as modeling and upscaling of the findings to apply them to the entire river basin.

Results

Scales ranging from the laboratory to river basins are addressed with the potential to help improve river basin management. The project emphasizes, thus, linking basic research and management practices in a single framework. In fact, one of the main objectives of SCARCE is to act as a bridge between the scientific and the management and to transform research results on management keys and tools for improving the River Basin Management Plans. Here, we outline the general structure of the project and the activities conducted within the ten Work Packages of SCARCE.     

铁盐和铝盐混凝对印染废水生化出水中溶解性有机污染物的去除特性

以三氯化铁和硫酸铝为混凝剂,印染废水二级生化出水为研究对象,并利用XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将印染废水生化出水中溶解性有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物,通过小试实验探讨了2种混凝剂对生化出水中各类溶解性有机物的去除效果及特点。实验结果表明,对于该印染废水的生化出水,溶解性有机物的主要成分是疏水性物质,以DOC表征时占总DOC的75%,其中疏水酸约占41%,疏水性物质也是引起色度的主要物质,所占比例以ADMI7.6表征时为89%,其中以非酸疏水物质的贡献最大,达到52%,并且非酸疏水物质中不饱和双键或芳香环有机物的含量较高。在三氯化铁和硫酸铝各自最佳的混凝条件下,均能够有效去除由疏水性物质（疏水酸和非酸疏水物质）引起的色度,但三氯化铁对弱疏水性物质以及亲水物质的去除率高于硫酸铝,这使得三氯化铁对印染废水生化出水中的溶解性有机物的去除效果优于硫酸铝。并且三氯化铁和硫酸铝混凝工艺均能明显降低生化出水的毒性。     

旋转填料床/柠檬酸盐法吸收-解吸SO2

提出采用旋转填料床结合柠檬酸盐法脱除烟气中SO2的方法,考察了旋转填料床转子转速、液气比、初始柠檬酸根浓度和初始pH值等因素对脱硫效率的影响。结果表明,采用超重力法超重机转子转速为1 000 r/min、液气比为7L/m3、初始柠檬酸根浓度为1.5 mol/L、吸收液的初始pH值为5.0,脱硫效率稳定在99%左右。研究了水蒸气汽提法解吸SO2时初始柠檬酸根浓度、初始pH值、SO2浓度、富液流量和水蒸气流量对解吸效率的影响,得出了影响SO2解吸率的基本规律,并进行了分析。通过实验证明该方法在技术上是可行的,具有良好的应用前景。     

莱特生物强化技术处理高浓度有机废水的中试

采用莱特生物强化技术(LTBR—Littoral BioReactor),对兰州石化公司化工园区高浓度有机废水进行了中试试验,进行了正常运行的常规标定、水量冲击标定、浓度冲击标定。结果表明:采用LTBR生物处理工艺,使用特效微生物和营养基质,可以在高COD、高含盐等不利条件下正常进行有机物降解,达到了必须将废水中的COD降至2000mg/L以下的试验要求,为处理高浓度有机化工废水的工程应用开辟了新思路。     

维生素和酮苷生产废水中难降解污染物的溯源研究

研究了维生素和酮苷生产过程中各生产工段排水的生物降解特性,评价了各生产工段对生产废水中难降解有机物的贡献率,追溯了可能的难降解特征污染物。结果表明,维生素生产废水中的难降解物质主要来自W1-1、W1-3、W1-5和W1-6生产工段,甲醛、丁烯酮、醛酮聚合物和吡啶可能是导致生产废水难降解的重要原因;酮苷生产废水中的难降解物质主要来自W2-1、W2-3和W2-7生产工段,氯代有机溶剂和苯环类物质可能是导致生产废水难降解的重要原因。建议根据具体生产工段排水的水质特征,有针对性地进行物化处理,提高废水可生化性。     

臭氧氧化法深度处理生活垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液

采用臭氧氧化法对生活垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液经生化处理后的废水(称沥滤液生化处理水)进行深度处理。实验结果表明,COD降解速率随废水pH的提高明显增加,其中pH=10.5时的COD降解速率常数约为pH=4时的5.8倍。在臭氧投量为52.92 mg/min、pH=10.5的条件下反应70 min后,UV254和COD去除率分别达到84.7%和59.3%。向反应体系投加叔丁醇后COD去除率下降了约15%,由羟自由基氧化去除的COD占总COD去除量的26.7%。毒性实验结果表明,沥滤液生化处理水的96 h-EC50为38%,经臭氧氧化进一步处理后出水的96 h-EC50为77%,表明经臭氧深度处理后沥滤液生化处理水的毒性明显降低。     

Efficient degradation of rhodamine B using modified graphite felt gas diffusion electrode by electro-Fenton process

The electro-Fenton (EF) process treatment of 0.1-M (rhodamine B) RhB solution was studied with different graphite cathode materials, and graphite felt (GF) was selected as a promising material in further investigation. Then, the degradation performances of gas diffusion electrode (GDE) and graphite felt (GF) were compared, and GDE was confirmed to be more efficient in RhB removal. The operational parameters such as Fe²⁺ dosage and current density were optimized, and comparison among different modified methods—polytetrafluoroethylene-carbon black (PTFE-CB), polytetrafluoroethylene-carbon nanotube (PTFE-CNT), electrodeposition-CB, and electrodeposition-CNT—showed 98.49 % RhB removal by PTFE-CB-modified cathode in 0.05 M Na₂SO₄ at a current density of 50 A/m² and an air flow rate of 1 L/min after 20 min. Meanwhile, after cathode modified by PTFE-CB, the mineralization efficiency and mineralization current efficiency performed absolutely better than the pristine one. Cyclic voltammograms, SEM images, contact angles, and BET surface area were carried out to demonstrate stronger current responses and higher hydrophilicity of GF after modified. The value of biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand (BOD₅/COD) increased from 0.049 to 0.331 after 90-min treatment, suggesting the solution was biodegradable, and the modified cathode was confirmed to be stable after ten circle runs. Finally, a proposed degradation pathway of RhB was put forward.