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371.
372.
Nancy E. Joste Walter D. Koenig Ronald L. Mumme Frank A. Pitelka 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1982,11(3):195-201
Summary The acorn woodpecker is a cooperative breeder generally thought to breed promiscuously within groups, but alternative patterns of reproductive investment can be expected and remain to be examined. With this feature of mating system in mind, we studied the reproductive roles of individuals in a single group of this species in central coastal California over a three-year period. Particularly detailed observations were made in 1979, when the group consisted of two potentially breeding sibling males and a single breeding female. One male (298) contributed significantly more than 297 in virtually all aspects of nest and fledgling care. These include (1) feeding nestlings, (2) nest sanitation, (3) nocturnal incubation and brooding, (4) feeding fledglings, and (5) escorting fledglings. In the few observed and rarely occurring dominance interactions, 298 prevailed. These results suggest that 298 had a higher probability of fathering the group's two 1979 offspring than did his brother. Thus, the two males differed substantially in their parental roles within the group, and very likely in reproductive roles, also. At present stage of knowledge, monogamy in groups with one female and more than one potential reproductive male is no less likely than promiscuity. These findings are discussed with respect to the evolution of cooperative breeding in this species. 相似文献
373.
A Decision-Support System for Prioritizing Restoration Sites on the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Daniel W. Llewellyn Gary P. Shaffer Nancy Jo Craig Lisa Creasman David Pashley Mark Swan Cindy Brown 《Conservation biology》1996,10(5):1446-1455
Conversion of forested wetlands to agricultural use and the resulting fragmentation of the landscape has led to concerns for the functional integrity of the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain ecosystem. We describe an effort spearheaded by The Nature Conservancy to initiate a multi-decade partnership dedicated to creating and implementing a viable, cooperative, landscape-level restoration project in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. Important phases of the process during the first 5 years were (1) initiation of the development of an extensive network of partners, including state and federal agencies, private land owners, conservation groups, academicians, and other interested citizens; (2) development of a geographic information system (GIS) for the entire extent of the ecosystem; and (3) for one watershed, the Tensas basin in northeastern Louisiana, refinement of a high resolution GIS to generate more detailed land-use conversion statistics to demonstrate the feasibility of a semi-objective, landscape-scale restoration planning procedure, including methodology for prioritization of existing wetland forest patches and areas most suitable for reforestation and connection via corridors. 相似文献
374.
375.
A study of a small sample of construction fatal accidents was used to pilot a potential method of analysis for the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Construction Division. The work was conducted in the context of a Governmental Inquiry into construction fatalities in 2009, but has been developed further since. The sample of 26 accidents (28 fatalities) was drawn from the 211 fatal accidents in the years ending 2006–2008, to be broadly illustrative of the range of accident characteristics. The accidents were analysed on the basis of available inspectorate reports and structured interviews with the investigating inspectors. A standard method of classification on four levels was developed, based on the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) classification of errors and task level factors, with additional categories covering the organisational and regulatory/market levels of the system. The results showed a concentration of underlying factors associated with inadequacies in planning and risk assessment, competence assurance, hardware design, purchase and installation, and contracting strategy. These findings were partially validated by comparing them with another sample of 50 accidents analysed earlier by the HSE. This paper describes the development and testing of the investigation and classification method and how it is being further developed since the initial study. It also provides a summary of the findings relating to underlying causes. 相似文献
376.
Four Illinois communities with different sociode-mographic compositions and at various stages of planning for solid waste
management were surveyed to determine the influence of sociodemographic variables and planning stages on the factors that
motivate recycling behavior. A factor analysis of importance ratings of reasons for recycling and for not recycling yielded
five factors interpreted as altruism, personal inconvenience, social influences, economic incentives, and household storage.
The four communities were shown to be significantly different in multivariate analyses of the five motivational factors. However,
attempts to explain these community differences with regression analyses, which predicted the motivational factors with dummy
codes for planning stages, a measure of self-reported recycling behavior, and sociodemographic measures were unsatisfactory.
Contrary to expectation, the solid waste management planning stages of the cities (curbside pickup, recycling dropoff center,
and planning in progress) contributed only very slightly to the prediction of motivational factors for recycling. Community
differences were better explained by different underlying motivational structures among the four communities. Altruistic reasons
for recycling (e.g., conserving resources) composed the only factor which was similar across the four communities. This factor
was also perceived to be the most important reason for recycling by respondents from all four communities. The results of
the study supported the notion that convenient, voluntary recycling programs that rely on environmental concern and conscience
for motivation are useful approaches to reducing waste. 相似文献
377.
Kate A. Berry Nancy L. Markee Michael J. Stewart Gary R. Giewat 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(5):1089-1099
ABSTRACT: This study examines the social construction of county commissioners' knowledge about water. Factors that influence what commissioners know about water include each commissioner's personal characteristics, education, experience in natural resources management, involvement in policy making, and use and evaluation of various sources of information. This study focused on county commissioners representing rural, mixed, and urban counties in Arizona, Nevada, and Utah and collected data through mail surveys and interviews. County commissioners in the survey were well educated; however, few had taken college courses directly addressing technical, management, or legal aspects of water issues. Approximately one-third had direct experience in farming and ranching; nearly two-thirds indicated that farming and ranching played a major role in their communities. Respondents had experience with a broad range of water policy issues. In evaluating thirteen information sources in terms of their frequency of use, relevancy, and reliability, respondents assessed fellow commissioners and local government staff and managers most positively and nonprofit organizations most negatively. The media was also broadly rated as less relevant and reliable than other sources of information. The commissioners in the study expressed a high level of general concern about water issues and a strung preference for local sources of information. 相似文献
378.
Bruce Evan Goldstein William Hale Butler 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2009,52(8):1013-1033
In response to the ongoing crisis in fire management, the US Fire Learning Network (FLN) engages partners in collaborative, landscape-scale ecological fire restoration. The paper contends that the FLN employs technologies, planning guidelines and media to articulate an FLN imaginary that co-ordinates independent efforts to engage in ecological fire restoration work without need of either hierarchal authority or collective social capital. This imaginary may allow the FLN to draw on the creativity and adaptive innovation of collaboration to reform fire management institutions and fire-adapted ecosystems. 相似文献
379.
Hillier Oam N Gennissen J Pickering B Smolenski R Brown P 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(4):1605-1612
The perspectives of residents are brought together in this assembly of statements concerning the management of hexachlorobenzene waste in Botany, a southeastern suburb of Sydney. The paper indicates how residents have responded as participants in public participation exercises, and the contribution made by lay experts in the search for a negotiated solution to the problems of legacy wastes. Resident comments on the role of independent scientific experts, on legal liability, and on the State Government sponsored Commission of Inquiry, indicate the deficit of resources faced by the local community. The paper provides insights into the status of citizen knowledge in environmental controversies and the pitfalls of participatory processes. 相似文献
380.
Nancy S. Day Marija Tadin Angela M. Christiano Patricia Lanzano Sergio Piomelli Stephen Brown 《黑龙江环境通报》2002,22(8):686-691
Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell diseases has been available for several years, and our laboratory has performed over 1000 prenatal diagnoses. However, currently available techniques are labor-intensive and time-consuming, and thus the diagnosis is delayed, making the mother's decision difficult. We describe a rapid, high-throughput technique based on the ligation assay coupled with automated capillary fluorescence detection. This new approach allows the diagnosis of both Hgb S and Hgb C to be available in a few hours. We have utilized this technique in 30 prenatal diagnoses and found it to be in complete agreement with the standard diagnoses. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献