自然灾害脆弱性研究进展

自然灾害风险研究是当今国际社会、学术界普遍关注的热点问题。本文在回顾国内外自然灾害脆弱性研究发展的基础上,阐述了自然灾害脆弱性的基本内涵,通过对国内外自然灾害脆弱性研究尺度、评价模型、评估方法等方面进行对比,指出国内自然灾害脆弱性研究存在的问题。同时指出未来自然灾害脆弱性研究的发展趋势应加强对人-地耦合系统的脆弱性研究,以及对其内在形成机制和发生演变规律的研究。自然灾害脆弱性研究是涉及多学科、多领域的复杂研究课题,并且呈现出多学科交融的趋势,需要综合考虑自然和社会双重因素的影响。     

基于资源环境承载力的全国造纸工业类型区划分研究

本文从造纸行业特征、资源消耗、污染物排放等方面入手,结合区域资源环境承载力,分析行业发展可能带来的环境污染问题.分析造纸行业发展与其所需主要资源间的空间布局关系,明确选定行业发展的资源、环境和生态制约条件.结合造纸行业特点,从环境约束、生态约束和资源约束入手,构建其环境管理类型区划分的指标体系;采用层次分析法、灰色定权聚类分析等方法对分区数据进行必要处理,采用二维判断矩阵法等方法进行环境管理类型区划分,对实施针对造纸行业分区域、分类别、差别化的环境管理提供了决策依据和方法基础.     

铁对反硝化脱硫运行效能影响

研究基于Fe2+可以刺激硫酸盐还原菌的活性,氢气又可以作为电子供体促进反硝化脱氮理论,考察了铁粉对同步反硝化脱硫运行技能的影响.在混养(主)、自养和异养(辅)条件下对比加入铁粉前后各种底物的代谢规律,结果表明:混养条件下加入铁粉前后,硫化物去除率均在99％以上,硝酸盐和乙酸盐的去除率分别为80％,90％和88％,62％.铁粉不影响碳、氮、硫的同步脱除,而且可以强化硫酸盐还原作用和反硝化作用,却使硫化物的去除时间延长2倍.经分析得知,铁粉的加入可以提高自养菌群的活性,进而提供氢气这种更容易被自养菌利用的电子供体将硝酸盐还原为氮气,使硫化物剩余.而且,Fe和H2O发生化学反应生成的Fe2+和氢气均能提高硫酸盐还原菌的活性,硫酸盐还原菌群和自养菌群之间可能存在一定的共生关系,Fe的加入会破坏这种共生关系.     

分散生活污水处理技术及其分析

结合分散性生活污水的水质水量特点,介绍了几种适合处理此类污水的工艺技术,同时就其自身的特点、适用性及工程经济性等方面进行了分析比较,得出净化沼气池、人工湿地、蚯蚓生态滤池、高效藻类塘技术的投资、运行费用低、管理简单方便.而膜生物反应器和一体化处理装置的投资和运行费用都较高,且需要专业技术人员管理,可应用于经济发展水平高,对出水水质要求高的地区.同时,也提出了分散性生活污水处理技术应用中尚待解决的问题,旨在为我国分散性生活污水的治理服务.     

人工湿地净化海水养殖外排水影响因素与效果实验研究

以海水养殖外排水为处理对象,构建芦苇复合垂直流人工湿地模拟系统进行处理效果的影响因素(盐度,水力负荷,污染负荷)实验。植物选择芦苇,种植密度为48株/m2,基质填料选择细纱、蛭石、高炉矿渣、沸石和砾石。实验结果显示,随着盐度的升高,人工湿地对CODMn和NH4-N的去除率差异不显著(P>0.05),对PO4-P的去除率在逐渐降低,变化显著(P<0.05),但芦苇表现出较强的耐盐性,在盐度20时生长良好。随着水力负荷的增加,人工湿地对CODMn、NH4-N和PO4-P的去除率呈现出降低的趋势,变化显著(P<0.05);而当污染负荷增加时,去除率呈现出先增加后降低的趋势。综合考虑运行合理性及运行效果,得出合理工况为盐度20,水力负荷0.4 m3/(m2.d),污染负荷CODMn 10 mg/L,NH4-N 2 mg/L,PO4-P 0.5 mg/L。在此工况下,系统稳定运行2个月,显示人工湿地对海水养殖外排水中的污染物具有较好的去除效果。     

浑河主要污染指标特征性分析

利用1995年至2010年浑河干流7个常规监测断面的历年监测数据,通过统计分析确定浑河水质的主要污染指标为氨氮、总磷（TP）、化学需氧量（COD）和生化需氧量（BOD）。并指出1995～2000年间,浑河有机污染突出,2000年以后,浑河水质氮、磷污染更为突出,有机污染有所改善。并详细分析了这四项主要污染指标的时间及水期间分布规律,为浑河流域水污染治理及编制流域规划提供技术支撑。     

工业用煤气燃烧装置二氧化硫减排方式的讨论

工业用煤气是工业生产中普遍采用的气体燃料,煤气燃烧过程会产生二氧化硫,减少煤气燃烧过程的二氧化硫排放可采用煤气脱硫和烟气脱硫两种方式。本文通过对煤气脱硫工艺及烟气脱硫工艺原理及参数进行对比的方式,讨论工业用燃气燃烧装置的两种二氧化硫减排方式的优缺点,为该类装置脱硫设计提供参考。     

A framework for analyzing climate change adaptations as actions

Developing generalized theories about adaptation to climate change requires common concepts to map different adaptation situations. The paper aims to contribute to this endeavor by presenting a novel framework that conceptualizes adaptations to climate change as actions. The framework is intended to systematically analyze the actor relations involved in adaptations and the barriers to their implementation. By combining established scientific action theories with terminology from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in an innovative way, it can be used to clarify the notion of adaptation used in adaptation assessments. The framework’s potential is illustrated by a case study on cooling water management in the river Rhine catchment and by the elucidation of some prominent concepts in adaptation research. We show that by framing adaptations as actions, the purpose of adaptations and how they tend to connect up in means-ends-chains becomes crucial. Actors can take different functional roles as exposure unit, operator and receptor of adaptation. A mismatch of these roles can lead to barriers to adaptation, of which we deduce four types: complex actor relations, missing operators, missing means and unemployed means. The case study yields a complex bundle of adaptations, and shows that the potential barriers involved are quite diverse. There is thus no blueprint solution. Although we identify entry points for adaptation, the analysis leads to a skeptical conclusion for adapting cooling water management in the whole Rhine catchment.     

Coastal flooding,climate change and environmental justice: identifying obstacles and incentives for adaptation in two metropolitan Boston Massachusetts communities

We explored the possible future impacts of increased coastal flooding due to sea level rise and the potential adaptation responses of two urban, environmental justice communities in the metropolitan Boston area of Massachusetts. East Boston is predominantly a residential area with some industrial and commercial activities, particularly along the coastal fringe. Everett, a city to the north of Boston, has a diversified industrial and commercial base. While these two communities have similar socioeconomic characteristics, they differ substantially in the extent to which residents would be impacted by increased coastal flooding. In East Boston, a large portion of residents would be flooded, while in Everett, it is the commercial/industrial districts that are primarily vulnerable. Through a series of workshops with residents in each community, we found that the target populations do not have an adaptation perspective or knowledge of any resources that could assist them in this challenge. Furthermore, they do not feel included in the planning processes within their communities. However, a common incentive for both communities was an intense commitment to their communities and an eagerness to learn more and become actively engaged in decisions regarding climate change adaptation. The lessons that can be applied to other studies include 1) images are powerful tools in communicating concepts, 2) understanding existing cultural knowledge and values in adaptation planning is essential to the planning process and 3) engaging local residents at the beginning of the process can create important educational opportunities and develop trust and consensus that is necessary for moving from concept to implementation.     

Capability development of local communities for project sustainability in afforestation/reforestation clean development mechanism

It has been recognized that the involvement of local community is essential to ensure the sustainability of A/R CDM (afforestation/reforestation clean development mechanism) project. This study verifies if the risks of non-permanence and leakage are addressed in a registered small scale A/R CDM project in Vietnam. Workshops, interviews, and a questionnaire survey of local villagers revealed that the project has caused a shortage of land for conventional activities such as grazing, fuel wood collection and shifting cultivation, and consequently posed the risks of project non-permanence and leakage. It is suggested that participation of all stakeholders in the community to the A/R CDM project beyond existing land tenure and adequate carbon benefit sharing according to the level of contribution to the project are required to reduce the risk of non permanence. To ensure the participation, the community should have capability such as consensus building and collective action. Leakage would be minimized if the community has alternative measures to the conventional activities before starting the project. We argue that it is necessary to first develop a community’s capabilities in the readiness phase of any A/R CDM project in order to reduce the risks for the project sustainability, and that new sources of funding are needed for this purpose.