销售的可持续性

我们所看到的许多资料的研究显示,消费者通常对可持续思想是支持的和要求保证制造商是负责任的.……     

Environmental implications of siting and systems options in the UK flue gas desulphurisation programme

Summary This paper reviews the status of the flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) programme in the United Kingdom up to the end of 1989, with particular regard to siting and systems choices. Environmental issues associated with the on-going retrofit at Drax power station are analysed and extrapolated to a retrofit at Fiddler's Ferry power station. The emission reductions required of the UK by the European Community Large Combustion Plant Directive are assessed. The impact of privatisation of the electricity supply industry on the flue gas desulphurisation programme is discussed with particular reference to the new electricity generating companies for England and Wales.Ron' Reid is a recent Environmental Studies graduate of Manchester Polytechnic who completed his dissertation on the environmental impacts of FGD installation at Fiddler's Ferry power station. Dr Jim Longhurst is Director of the Acid Rain Information Centre at Manchester Polytechnic.The Acid Rain Information Centre is supported by Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council on behalf of the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities and the Department of the Environment.     

A study of rainwater acidity in Greater Manchester and Greater lisbon

Summary This paper presents data from an educational study of acid rain in Greater Manchester, UK, and Greater Lisbon and Setúbal, Portugal, which was carried out between October and December, 1989. A simple, specified methodology was employed by ten schools in each of the two countries to generate reliable, comparative rainfall acidity data. The results have been described and related to emission sources and meteorological conditions over the three-month experimental period. It is apparent that there are considerable differences in rainfall quantity and quality in the two contrasting areas, and the results are broadly consistent with those derived from the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme. The paper concludes with a short review of rainfall acidity in the UK and Portugal.Sue Hare and Dr James W.S. Longhurst are respectively Education Officer and Director of the Acid Rain Information Centre, Department of Environmental and Geographical Studies at Manchester Polytechnic. Mr A. Marques da Costa is a teacher in the Chemistry Department at the Colégio Militar, Largo da Luz, 1600 Lisboa, Portugal.     

Residues characterisation from the fluidised bed combustion of East London’s solid recovered fuel

Waste thermal treatment in Europe is moving towards the utilisation of the combustible output of mechanical, biological treatment (MBT) plants. The standardisation of solid recovered fuels (SRF) is expected to support this trend and increase the amount of the generated combustion residues. In this work, the residues and especially the fly ashes from the fluidised bed combustion (FBC) of East London’s NCV 3, Cl 2, and Hg 1 class SRF, are characterised. The following toxicity indicators have been studied: leachable chlorine, organochlorides expressed as pentachlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene, and the heavy metals Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Pb. Furthermore the mineralogical pattern of the ashes has been studied by means of XRD and SEM–EDS. The results suggest that these SRF derived ashes have significantly lower quantities of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, leachable Cl, and organochlorides when compared to other literature values from traditional waste thermal treatment applications. This fact highlights the importance of modern separation technologies employed in MBT plants for the removal of components rich in metals and chlorine from the combustible output fraction of SRF resulting to less hazardous residues.     

Community modelling: a tool for correlating estimates of exposure with perception of odour from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills

Odours from municipal solid waste landfills have the potential to cause significant annoyance and impact to amenity in the environment surrounding sites. In order to assess the impact of odorous emissions on surrounding communities a quantitative model to predict annoyance was developed. The overall objective of this research was to develop the major components of the model namely, assessment of odorous emissions, dispersion and reception by the surrounding community around the landfill site. This study used community modelling as a tool to find a link between dispersion and perception of odour. The research completed a year-round monitoring program engaging people within the local community as regular odour monitors. Estimates of exposure from dispersion analysis were used to compare incidents causing complaint and intensity-concentration plots were fitted for each monitor whose reports were found to be logically consistent with regard to the intensity scaling. Human responses to the vast range of odour intensities, from highly intense source odours through to less intense dispersed odours at monitors' locations, were found to differ greatly. It was observed that the psychophysical models based on the Weber-Fechner law and Power law fitted the data consistently well for the entire range of the intensity scale used, 1-7. However, the other two models, based on Beidler's law and Laffort's equation showed an inconsistency with the intensity scales >3.     

The pedagogy of atmospheric issues and the UK Atmospheric Research and Information Centre's Education Programme

Mrs Sue Hare is the education and information services coordinator of the UK Atmospheric Research and Information Centre (ARIC). Professor James Longhurst was recently the director of the ARIC and Joe Buchdahl its global climate change information services coordinator. Professor Longhurst is now head of the Department of Environmental Health and Science, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY. Kelvin Williams is a geography consultant and is head of geography at Ysgol y Creuddyn, Penrhyn Bay, Llandudno, Gwynedd LL30 3LB. The pedagogy of atmospheric issues is identified in the context of environmental education in this paper. The UK Atmospheric Research and Information Centre (ARIC) has developed an education programme which has responded to the dynamic issues relating to the atmosphere since the establishment of the ARIC in 1984. The main route for the teaching of atmospheric issues is identified as being through the UK's National Curriculum although public awareness of issues has increased through the media and more recently through government publicity campaigns.     

Some observations on the environmental impact of the UK flue gas desulphurisation programme

Summary Concern about the environmental damage caused by acid deposition has lead to national programmes to reduce acid precursor emissions. In the UK, a retrofit programme of flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) to three 2,000 MW coal-fired power stations has been announced, with up to four new stations equipped with FGD likely to follow by the year 2000. Whilst the positive effects of acid deposition abatement are recognised there has been considerable concern over the negative aspects of the programme arising, particularly, from the raw material requirements of an FGD plant and the need to dispose of waste products. A careful choice of the most appropriate technology can significantly reduce the negative impacts but such a choice can only be made after an environmental assessment of the national FGD programme.Dr James Longhurst is the Director of the Acid Rain Information Centre at Manchester Polytechnic. The centre is supported by the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities and the Department of the Environment.     

Outcomes of the first round of local authority air quality Review and Assessments under the UK's air quality strategy

In 1997, the UK government instigated the practice of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) in the UK. This process is based on local authorities undertaking Review and Assessments of air quality within their areas. The first round of Review and Assessments have now been completed and represents the most extensive and coordinated analysis of air pollution ever undertaken in the UK, and probably in Europe. This paper takes a broad look at the outcomes of this process so far and identifies some of the key areas where lessons have/can be learnt both about patterns of air pollution in the UK and about the framework for investigating these that has been implemented under the LAQM regime. The process has led to a much higher number of local authorities finding problems with air pollution than initially expected. It has also challenged many assumptions about the significance of various pollutants and their sources.     

Estimates of emissions of SO2, NOx, HCl and NH3 from a densely populated region of the UK

Estimates of emissions of SO2, NOx, HCl and NH3 have been made for a densely populated region of the UK, the North-West of England, using data on power generation, incinerator plant capacity, fuel usage and animal and human population statistics. The spatial distributions of SO2 and NOx emissions are quite different, reflecting their different source strengths. The emissions from motor vehicles make up 52% of the NOx emissions from the North-West of England, whilst those from fossil-fuel-fired power stations make up 20%. The emissions of fossil-fuel-fired power stations make up 58% of SO2 emissions from the North-West. A large fossil-fuel-fired power station is the largest known point source for emissions of SO2, NOx and HCl. The largest contribution to NH3 emissions in the North-West is from cattle. Humans may contribute some NH3 to overall emissions but there is considerable uncertainty as to how much is emitted and what fraction of this is deposited within buildings. The uncertainties in the methodologies used are high-lighted and, where possible, recommendations are made as to how future emissions estimates might be improved. Potential reductions in emissions of SO2, NOx and HCl are discussed under basic scenarios of planned power station closures in the area and the compliance of the electricity generation industry with the European Community Directive on Large Combustion Plants.     

Judging the Risk of Exceedance: local authority decision-making for air quality management area designation

Management of air quality by local government in the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) requires a process of local decision-making, involving collaboration between local politicians, authority officers and interest-groups. Since the establishment of the first National Air Quality Strategy for the UK in 1997, local authority environmental health professionals have undertaken a scientific review and assessment process to identify locations where predicted future pollutant concentrations may exceed national air quality objectives. Air quality management areas (AQMAs) are declared where such exceedences are predicted. Over recent years, significant changes in local authority decision-making structures in England, Scotland and Wales have occurred, resulting in changes to the structure and governance in many local authorities. Results are presented from local authority surveys undertaken to examine the occurrence of any conflicts between the science involved in predicting exceedences and the local political decision-making processes in declaring AQMAs. Data are presented for a sample set of local authorities in Great Britain from which it is concluded that decision-making structures in local government are having a demonstrable impact on the designation of AQMAs.