Study of chest injuries to 3-year-old child occupants seated in impact shield and 5-point harness CRSs

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether the 5-point harness or the impact shield child restraint system (CRS) or both have the potential to cause chest injuries to children. This is determined by examining whether the loading to the chest reaches the internal organ injury threshold for children.

Method: The chest injury risk to a child occupant in a CRS was investigated using Q3 dummy tests, finite element (FE) simulations (Q3 dummy and human models), and animal tests. The investigation was done for 2 types of CRSs (i.e., the impact shield CRS and 5-point harness CRS) based on the UN R44 dynamic test specifications.

Results: The tests using a Q3 dummy indicated that although the chest deflection of the dummy in the impact shield CRS was large, it was less than the injury threshold (40 mm). Computational biomechanics simulations (using finite element FE analysis) showed that the Q3 dummy's chest is loaded by the shield and deforms substantially under this load. To clarify whether chest injuries due to chest compression can occur with an impact shield or with the 5-point harness CRS, 7 experiments were performed using Tibetan miniature pigs with weights ranging from 9.7 to 13 kg. Severe chest and abdominal injuries (lung contusion, coronary artery laceration, liver laceration) were found in the tests using the impact shield CRS. No chest injuries were present when using the 5-point harness CRS.

Conclusion: When using the impact shield CRS, the chest deformed substantially in dummy tests and FE simulations, and chest and abdominal injuries were observed in pig tests. It is possible that these chest injuries could also occur to child occupants sitting in the impact shield CRS.     

基于VDI2198循环的内燃叉车实际作业排放特性

为了分析实际作业的叉车排放特征,基于VDI2198循环,采用车载排放测试系统(PEMS)对某基本型配备非道路国Ⅲ柴油发动机叉车进行前进、后退、货物举升、货物下降4种作业工况下的实车道路排放测试。结果表明,各排放物的排放速率在前进、货物举升和货物下降工况下处于较高水平,在后退工况下处于较低水平。CO_2、NO_x基于时间的排放因子在前进工况下最高,其原因是在前进工况下发动机处于合理转速工作区,进气充足,燃料燃烧较为充分,达到了高温富氧条件;CO、PN基于时间的排放因子在货物举升工况下最高,其原因是举升工况下发动机转速过高,进气不足、喷油量增加导致大量燃料不完全燃烧。后退工况下较低的CO_2基于时间排放因子,使得各污染物基于CO_2当量排放因子在后退工况下较高。与美国NONROAD模型中同类叉车排放水平对比,试验叉车的CO排放水平远低于Tier4A之前的排放水平,远高于Tier4排放水平;NO_x的排放水平低于Tier4A之前的排放水平,稍高于Tier4的排放水平。适度超载对排放影响较小,冷起动对排放影响较大。坡度增加对排放影响显著,坡度从0(平地)增至10%,CO、NO_x、PN、CO_2基于里程的排放因子分别增加了54%、19%、100%、27%;坡度从10%增加至15%,CO、NO_x、PN、CO_2基于里程的排放因子分别增加了41%、50%、51%、56%。     

换热器不锈钢换热管束开裂原因分析

一台换热器换热管束发生了开裂泄漏.采取全面检验的方式,通过宏观检查、化学成分分析、断口微观形貌和能谱分析、金相分析等方法,对换热管开裂原因进行了分析.结果表明:该换热管开裂为氯化物应力腐蚀开裂.壳程介质循环冷却水中CI元素含量是应力腐蚀开裂的主要因素,结构缺陷、敏感的工作温度区间、水中溶解氧和含S杂质导致了应力腐蚀的快速发展.     

江苏省省级环保引导资金管理现状研究

本文总结了江苏省省级环保引导资金整体情况、"因素法"切块分配方式的优点,在此基础上,剖析了省级环保引导资金管理中存在资金预算总额有待增加,省级层面缺乏支持手段、资金切块后地方管理能力愈趋不足,工作推进存在瓶颈、切块资金执行情况不佳,地方主动性有待提高等问题,有针对性地提出完善资金分配方式,力抓一批省级统筹分配项目、扩大省本级能力建设盘子,增加监控监测能力建设投入、厘清资金与项目管属关系,进一步明确资金管理职责等有关政策建议。     

市政工程施工管理中环保型施工策略的运用

社会进步的前提下,城市建设加快了步伐,市政工程的施工项目也越来越多,随之产生了诸多的污染问题。为了改善这种情况,我国要求施工企业针对粉尘、废水、废气等对环境造成破坏的因素进行相应的处理。施工企业结合项目与周边环境的实际情况,设计出以环保为原则的绿色施工方式,从而逐一解决各种不同的污染问题。环保型施工策略的应用,在促进了城市建设的同时,也实现了与环境的可持续发展,具有着重要的意义。     

Characterization on the toxic mechanism of two fluoroquinolones to trypsin by spectroscopic and computational methods

Abstract

Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and enrofloxacin (ENFX), two of the most widely used fluoroquinolones (FQs), pose a great threat to humans and the ecosystem. In this study, the toxic mechanisms between the two FQs and trypsin were evaluated by means of multiple spectroscopic methods, as well as molecular docking. During the fluorescence investigations, both FQs quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of trypsin effectively, which was due to the formation of moderately strong complexes (mainly through van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds). The binding of two FQs not only caused the conformational and micro-environmental changes of trypsin, but also changed its molecular activity; shown by the UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, and functional tests. The established methods in this work can help to comprehensively understand the transport of FQs in the human body.     

基于网络大数据的公众感知城市声环境研究

尝试基于网络大数据建立区域性公众意见收集及制图方法,分析城市声环境的时空变化特征及噪声来源组成。研究表明,公众对城市声环境的反馈意见集中在城市内部的成熟地区,随着向城市外部延伸而降低,热点地区在空间分布上呈现年纪间变化的特征。定量化识别公众认为的城市3大噪声来源,包括工地施工（74.45%）、生产加工（1394%）、机器运行（3.29%）。公众对夜晚城市声环境更加敏感,感知的夜间噪声占比（85.26%）显著高于白天,在22：00公众感知噪声量快速升高并达到峰值。     

Enhanced nitrogen removal in filled-and-drained vertical flow constructed wetlands: microbial responses to aeration mode and carbon source

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - For the purpose of enhancing the removal rate of nitrogen (N) and organic matters, intermittent aeration and carbon source were used in...     

危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧系统焚烧特性研究

危险废物的处理和处置是摆在我国各级市政府面前的紧迫任务。然而我国已经运行的危险废物焚烧装置普遍存在回转窑挂壁结渣、热灼减率偏高和污染排放超标等问题,作者通过将回转窑和流化床特点相结合的方法提出了一种新型危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧处置装置。该装置采用回转窑(一燃室)、二燃室和流化床结合的热解-流化焚烧工艺,特别是采用控制窑头温度避免了回转窑挂壁结渣;采用流化冷渣装置延长未燃烬渣的焚烧时间,解决了热灼减率偏高问题;水冷式烟气急冷装置可以将烟气温度从1 100℃降到200℃,防止了二恶英的尾部低温再生成。该系统运行稳定可靠,可以处理医疗垃圾和大多数的固态和液态危险废物,实现了烟气污染物尤其是二恶英排放达到国家标准的目标。同时对该系统运行时窑头温度分布、二燃室炉膛出口氧量变化、回转窑和炉膛升温特性、燃烧室外壁温度分布等几方面运行数据都进行了详细的介绍,为危险废物焚烧炉的运行提供了宝贵的经验数据。     

餐厨垃圾中典型组分的裂解液化特征研究

利用实验室规模的实验装置管式加热炉进行餐厨垃圾热解实验,实验分析了反应温度对餐厨垃圾热解产物分布的影响,米饭、白菜、猪肉、塑料和纸5种原料在最佳温度下可实现热解油质量产率的最大化,分别为45.02%、24.55%、61.19%、73.77%和24.86%。其中,米饭和白菜热解油含水率较高,可达到30%~40%,将含水率降到15%后,测定热值分别为25.51 MJ/kg和17.75 MJ/kg。塑料和纸混合热解时,塑料热解过程的放热效应可缩小纸的热解温度区间,增加热解油产量。红外光谱分析厨余热解油包含多种含氧有机物。通过气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析塑料热解油和塑料与纸混合热解油在180℃以下蒸馏出的液相产物,主要组分为烷烃和烯烃,从成分和热值分析,与汽油、柴油相近。