可燃气体检测仪的校正系数及其应用

可燃气体检测仪广泛应用于石化、煤矿等危险场所的气体检测。校正系数是影响仪器正确使用的重要因素。论述了校正系数既相似又不同的原因,阐述了合理选择校正气体的原则,分析了校正系数对测量结果的影响,总结了目前气体检测仪器生产及使用存在的问题,并提出了解决建议。     

冷轧乳化废水的电凝聚处理

针对冷轧高浓度含油乳化废水,使用电絮凝工艺进行了研究,探讨了pH值、电流密度、反应时间、NaCl投加量和板间距等因素对电絮凝的影响,试验比较了电絮凝与其他化学方法对高浓度乳化液的处理效果,得到了令人满意的结果。     

多参量综合指标冲击地压预测技术研究

提出了"全局-区域-局部"多参量综合指标冲击地压预测技术,多种预测方法相互协调与配合、优势互补,形成空间上层次化全方位的预测体系,可极大提高冲击地压预测准确性。结合老虎台矿冲击地压发生机理与影响因素,提出利用微震法对采区全局范围内微震事件进行实时监测,划分具有冲击危险区域,全局范围预测冲击地压;利用电磁辐射法监测工作面及巷道近场围岩的应力场和煤岩变形破坏变化状况,确定近场围岩高冲击危险区域,局部范围预测冲击地压;采用矿压监测法和钻屑法对确定具有冲击危险的区域进行重点监测,判断冲击危险程度,对采取防治措施后的防冲效果进行检测;采用采空区气体分析法预测电磁辐射法和矿压观测法等无法监测到的采空区的冲击地压。实践证明:全局-区域-局部"多参量综合指标预测技术的各种预测方法在功能上表现出明显的互补特征,在老虎台矿的冲击地压预报中取得良好效果。     

Impacts of advanced treatment processes on elimination of antibiotic resistance genes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The distributions of ARGs were monitored in a WWTP in Harbin during six months. CASS had the best removal efficacy of ARGs compared to other processes in the WWTP. UV disinfection could effectively control the HGT. AGAC significantly remove ARGs and organics due to its high absorption capacity. Combination of ozone and AGAC significantly improve removal of ARGs and organics. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose a serious threat to public health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for controlling the release of ARGs into the environment. This study investigated ARG distribution at every step in the treatment process of a municipal WWTP located in Harbin for six consecutive months. Changes in ARG distribution involved in two advanced secondary effluent treatment processes, ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, were analyzed. Biological treatment resulted in the highest ARG removal (0.76–1.94 log reduction), followed by ultraviolet (UV) disinfection (less than 0.5-log reduction). Primary treatment could not significantly remove ARGs. ARG removal efficiency increased with an increase in the ozone dose below 40 mg/L. However, amorphous GAC (AGAC) adsorption with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 h showed better removal of ARGs, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) than ozonation at a 60 mg/L dose. UV treatment could efficiently reduce the relative ARG abundance, despite presenting the lowest efficiency for the reduction of absolute ARG abundance compared with GAC and ozone treatments. The combination of ozone and AGAC can significantly improve the removal of ARGs, TOC, TN and TP. These results indicate that a treatment including biological processing, ozonation, and AGAC adsorption is a promising strategy for removing ARGs and refractory organic substances from sewage.     

序言

正享誉海内外的著名鱼类学家和淡水生态学家、我国淡水生态学奠基人和鱼类实验生物学主要开创者、中国科学院水生生物研究所研究员(原所长和名誉所长)、中国科学院院士刘建康先生于2017年秋天离开了我们。为深切缅怀刘建康先生对我国鱼类学和淡水生态学的卓越贡献,同时呼吁加强水生生物多样性与流域生态系统的保护,我们应《生态毒理学报》编辑委员会的邀请一起策划组织了主题为"水生生物完整     

丙烯腈诱导的氧化应激对大鼠肝脏内质网应激信号通路的影响

为探讨丙烯腈(acrylonitrile,ACN)诱导的大鼠肝脏氧化损伤对内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)信号通路的影响,我们将50只SPF级成年雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为5组,每组10只。各组分别以12.5、25.0、50.0 mg·kg~(-1)ACN灌胃染毒,N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)干预组先用300.0 mg·kg~(-1)NAC灌胃30 min后再灌50.0 mg·kg~(-1)ACN,对照组以0.5 mL·(100 g)~(-1)的玉米油灌胃,1次·天~(-1),6天·周~(-1),共计13周。染毒结束后,检测肝脏组织氧化还原酶活力及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,GRP78、CHOP及caspase-12 mRNA及蛋白表达水平。结果显示:低、中ACN组大鼠肝脏GSH含量显著低于对照组(P0.05);低ACN组大鼠肝脏GSH-Px活力、SOD活力及MDA含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);中、高ACN组大鼠肝脏CAT活力明显低于对照组(P0.05)。NAC干预后可逆转ACN诱导的大鼠肝脏GSH含量、MDA含量及SOD活力的变化。RT-PCR结果显示,高ACN组大鼠肝脏GRP78、CHOP、caspase-12 mRNA表达水平与对照组比较均升高(P0.05)。NAC干预后,CHOP、caspase-12 mRNA表达水平与高ACN组比较均降低(P0.05)。Western Blot结果显示,高ACN组大鼠肝脏GRP78、CHOP、caspase-12蛋白表达水平与对照组比较均升高(P0.05),NAC干预后可逆转以上作用。结果表明,ACN慢性染毒对大鼠肝脏的氧化损伤可激活ERS信号通路,NAC可减轻氧化损伤的程度而阻断ERS信号通路,这可能是ACN产生肝脏毒性的机制之一。     

轮虫在生态毒理学中的研究进展

轮虫是浮游动物中的重要类群,因具有生活周期短、对毒物的敏感性高、有两性生殖方式、易培养和实用性强等优势特征,已被用作生态毒理学实验中重要的模式生物,颇有研究前景。本文简介了轮虫作为受试生物的特点及其生活史,并从实验方法、污染物种类、测试指标等角度对近几十年来轮虫在生态毒理学中的应用现状、主要成果和最新进展作了概述,主要包括轮虫在常规毒性评价中的应用:急性毒性、慢性毒性以及对其行为的影响效应;综述了几类典型环境污染物,例如重金属、UV辐射、持久性有机污染物以及农药化合物的胁迫对轮虫的毒性效应,特别对目前存在的问题、研究热点及今后需要加强研究的方向进行了讨论和展望,以期为应用轮虫生态毒理学进行环境污染及风险评估提供参考。     

Hydrologic and water quality performance of a laboratory scale bioretention unit

A bioretention unit (BRU) or cell is a green infrastructure practice that is widely used as a low impact development (LID) technique for urban stormwater management. Bioretention is considered a good fit for use in China’s sponge city construction projects. However, studies on bioretention design, which incorporates site-specific environmental and social-economic conditions in China are still very much needed. In this study, an experimental BRU, consisted of two cells planted with Turf grass and Buxus sinica,was tested with eighteen synthesized storm events. Three levels (high, median, low) of flows and concentrations of pollutants (TN, TP and COD) were fed to the BRU and the performance of which was examined. The results showed that the BRU not only delayed and lowered the peak flows but also removed TN, TP and COD in various ways and to different extents. Under the high, medium and low inflow rate conditions, the outflow peaks were delayed for at least 13 minutes and lowered at least 52%. The two cells stored a maximum of 231 mm and 265 mm for turf grass and Buxus sinica, respectively. For both cells the total depth available for storage was 1,220 mm, including a maximum 110 mm deep ponding area. The largest infiltrate rate was 206 mm/h for both cells with different plants. For the eighteen events, TP and COD were removed at least 60% and 42% by mean concentration, and 65% and 49% by total load, respectively. In the reservoir layer, the efficiency ratio of removal of TN, TP and COD were 52%, 8% and 38%, respectively, within 5 days after runoff events stopped. Furthermore, the engineering implication of the hydrological and water quality performances in sponge city construction projects is discussed.

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贵州高原普定水库水环境重金属的时空分布特征及风险评价

为了解乌江上游普定水库水环境中重金属污染水平及其污染程度,于2018年对普定水库表层水体以及表层沉积物6种重金属（Hg、As、Cu、Ni、Cd、Pb）含量及其时空分布进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数评价法、地积累指数评价法和潜在生态风险指数法对表层水体和表层沉积物的污染程度和生态风险进行了评价.结果表明:①普定水库表层水体ρ（Hg）、ρ（As）、ρ（Cu）、ρ（Ni）、ρ（Cd）、ρ（Pb）的范围分别为（0.004±0.003）（0.050±0.044）（4.225±3.117）（18.343±17.093）（0.845±0.739）（6.155±5.747）μg/L,其中ρ（Hg）、ρ（As）、ρ（Ni）、ρ（Cd）、ρ（Pb）在季节性变化上具有相似规律,均表现为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,ρ（DO）与ρ（Hg）、ρ（As）和ρ（Cu）均呈显著相关,说明这3种重金属含量可能受到ρ（DO）影响.②普定水库表层沉积物w（Hg）、w（As）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）、w（Cd）、w（Pb）的范围分别为（0.06±0.02）（14.75±4.88）（166.60±74.74）（87.43±51.18）（1.89±0.26）（206.34±110.33）mg/kg,其中w（Pb）、w（Cd）和w（Cu）平均值分别为贵州省土壤元素背景值的6.0、5.8和5.0倍;重金属含量沿程分布特征存在季节性差异,w（Cd）、w（Pb）、w（Hg）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）在秋冬季最高,w（Cd）、w（Pb）、w（Hg）沿程逐渐升高,在大坝口达到最高值,呈现出明显的空间分布特征,表明从上游到下游重金属污染逐渐严重.③采用综合污染指数法分析表明,普定水库水质未受到重金属污染;采用地累积指数法评价表明,普定水库表层沉积物以Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd污染为主;潜在生态风险指数法表明,Cd和Pb具有较高的风险值,是普定水库重金属生态风险的主要来源.研究显示,普定水库水环境主要受外源污染,矿山开采以及冶炼活动可能是造成重金属含量较高的主要原因之一,因此需要加强普定水库水环境重金属综合治理,尤其是对Cd和Pb污染的治理.      

生物质再燃脱除NO的特性

利用多功能脱硝实验台研究了花生壳、杨木、稻杆和玉米秸秆4种生物质的再燃脱除NO性能,以及工况参数对生物质再燃的影响.结果表明,相同工况下,花生壳再燃脱硝率最高、杨木次之、玉米秸秆最小,当再燃比(Rff)15%时,花生壳、杨木、稻杆和玉米秸秆的再燃脱硝效率分别为85.1%、80.3%、69.6%和67.2%.生物质粒径越小,再燃脱硝率越高.随着再燃温度的升高,生物质再燃脱硝效率先升高后缓慢降低,1073K的脱硝效率最高.生物质最佳再燃区过量空气系数(SR)为0.6,最佳Rff和再燃区停留时间分别为20%和0.81s. SR=20%的典型工况下,生物质再燃脱硝效率达到79%~89%.