利用复合酵母菌系统处理含油污泥

利用筛选得到的10株酵母菌组成复合酵母菌系统，并将该复合菌系统接种到泥浆反应器中对模拟油泥样品进行了处理。在对反应器进行优化的基础上，比较了复合酵母菌体系和经驯化的活性污泥体系对模拟风化油泥的处理效果，发现复合酵母菌在反应速度和油去除率上都优于活性污泥。利用GC—MS对复合酵母菌处理体亲中主要脂肪烃组分的变化进行了分析，结果表明原油组分中脂肪烃部分在处理8d后基本被完全降解。     

砷矿尾砂污染及其治理研究

调查了广东省连南瑶族自治县寨岗铁屎坪土法炼砷废墟及其周边砷污染状况.发现渗流水含砷高达43.72 mg/L,渗流水随雨水沿山坡、溪流流入下游,对周边的水体、土壤、农作物等造成严重污染.同时发现全缘凤尾蕨、龙船蕨、野苎麻、白芒草和接骨草是耐砷植物.模拟试验证实在炼砷废墟和高砷尾砂上种植这些植物可减少砷的迁移,且不致引起二次污染.1998年对铁屎坪土法炼砷废墟进行治理,经一年多跟踪观察,周边水体中砷含量从原来的约0.048 mg/L下降到0.001 06 mg/L.结果表明用植被治理尾砂的砷污染是一种价廉、有效的方法.     

高校实验室甲烷泄漏扩散过程的数值模拟

为分析高校实验室甲烷气瓶在泄漏后的危险性,基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法,以某高校实验室楼层为模型,使用Fluent软件模拟甲烷泄漏后的扩散过程,研究甲烷扩散规律,分析风速与通风条件对甲烷扩散的影响,判定甲烷危险爆炸区域.结果表明,甲烷流动受建筑结构影响显著,室内甲烷体积分数呈梯度分布,良好通风环境下的高风速对气体输送作用强,湍动能大,因而能快速降低甲烷体积分数,低风速条件下甲烷滞留在室内时间更久而易增加风险.甲烷气瓶发生泄漏时,爆炸区间主要集中在室内顶板,靠近泄漏点正上方的墙壁死角体积分数最高,并且气云在泄漏点同一侧的空间活动更多,相邻室内的甲烷旋流发生累积.最后针对模拟结果提出防控及应急措施,如危险化学品类气瓶的实验室选址、室内结构及监测装置的考虑等,并根据泄漏特性对撤离时的疏散路线给出建议.     

关于南方雨雪冰冻灾害应急机制的探讨

2008年初我国南方的雨雪冰冻灾害暴露出一系列灾害应急机制的问题。例如气象部门对灾害性天气预报的时效性、预警信息发布渠道和手段、政府在事件发生后对整个事件的调控、公众缺乏灾害防御的意识、科研引导对新出现的问题关注不够、一些公共领域管理缺位等加重了灾害的损失和影响。笔者认为政府部门应着重考虑：建立更完善的灾害预报系统,健全不同级别的快速反应体系,建立完备的应对灾害教育体系和完善灾害预警信息发布渠道,避免类似灾害的再次发生。     

Kinetics of radiocesium released from contaminated soil by fertilizer solutions

(137)Cs is one of the major artificial radionuclides found in environments; but the mechanisms behind fertilizer-induced (137)Cs desorption from soil remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the kinetics and mechanisms underlying the various cations and anions that cause Cs release from soil under acidic conditions. NH(4)H(2)PO(4) (1M), 0.5M (NH(4))(2)SO(4), 1M NH(4)Cl, 1M KCl or 1M NaCl solutions were added to (137)Cs-contaminated soil. The power function model well described the short term (137)Cs desorption with the solutions. The rate coefficients for (137)Cs release from soil in NH(4)H(2)PO(4), (NH(4))(2)SO(4), NH(4)Cl, and KCl solutions were 7.7, 7.3, 6.8, and 6.1 times higher than the rate observed in a NaCl solution, respectively. The NH(4)H(2)PO(4) and (NH(4))(2)SO(4) solutions induced significantly greater (137)Cs release from the contaminated soil than the NH(4)Cl, KCl and NaCl solutions. After four times repeated extractions with the fertilizer solutions, the total amount of (137)Cs extracted by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and NH(4)Cl solutions reached equilibrium, while that extracted using an NH(4)H(2)PO(4) solution continued to increase. The combined effect of phosphate and protons was the major mechanism behind (137)Cs release from contaminated soils, when an NH(4)H(2)PO(4) solution was used.     

石化工业园区区域环境风险后评价的风险识别

松花江污染事故发生后,国家更加重视对已有石化工业园区的风险排查以及事故预防,风险识别是风险评价与管理的基础。通过查阅相关资料以及类比分析,分析了已有区域风险识别与普通风险识别的不同,探讨了识别的原则和重点,指出了识别的程序和相应的方法,并给出了实例论证,为区域环境风险识别研究提供借鉴。     

基于API方法的城市大气污染评价

收集了2006年《重点城市空气质量日报》中中国86个重点城市空气质量主要分析指标——空气污染指数（API）、首要污染物、空气质量级别,并对数据进行统计分析。结果表明：（1）总体来说,中国城市大气质量良好;（2）城市大气污染以煤烟型污染为主,大气中以TSP、SO2和NOx作为首要污染物出现的频率依次递减;（3）城市大气污染最严重的季节是冬季,最轻的季节是夏季;（4）城市大气环境质量表现出从北到南、从沿海至内陆逐步变差的趋势。     

Identifying factors affecting the safety of mid-block bicycle lanes considering mixed 2-wheeled traffic flow

Objective: Electric bikes (e-bikes) have been one of the fastest growing trip modes in Southeast Asia over the past 2 decades. The increasing popularity of e-bikes raised some safety concerns regarding urban transport systems. The primary objective of this study was to identify whether and how the generalized linear regression model (GLM) could be used to relate cyclists' safety with various contributing factors when riding in a mid-block bike lane. The types of 2-wheeled vehicles in the study included bicycle-style electric bicycles (BSEBs), scooter-style electric bicycles (SSEBs), and regular bicycles (RBs).

Methods: Traffic conflict technology was applied as a surrogate measure to evaluate the safety of 2-wheeled vehicles. The safety performance model was developed by adopting a generalized linear regression model for relating the frequency of rear-end conflicts between e-bikes and regular bikes to the operating speeds of BSEBs, SSEBs, and RBs in mid-block bike lanes.

Results: The frequency of rear-end conflicts between e-bikes and bikes increased with an increase in the operating speeds of e-bikes and the volume of e-bikes and bikes and decreased with an increase in the width of bike lanes. The large speed difference between e-bikes and bikes increased the frequency of rear-end conflicts between e-bikes and bikes in mid-block bike lanes. A 1% increase in the average operating speed of e-bikes would increase the expected number of rear-end conflicts between e-bikes and bikes by 1.48%. A 1% increase in the speed difference between e-bikes and bikes would increase the expected number of rear-end conflicts between e-bikes/bikes by 0.16%.

Conclusions: The conflict frequency in mid-block bike lanes can be modeled using generalized linear regression models. The factors that significantly affected the frequency of rear-end conflicts included the operating speeds of e-bikes, the speed difference between e-bikes and regular bikes, the volume of e-bikes, the volume of bikes, and the width of bike lanes. The safety performance model can help better understand the causes of crash occurrences in mid-block bike lanes.     

铁改性热处理凹凸棒颗粒对水体磷的去除效果

传统粉末态除磷材料颗粒过细,从而导致其难与水分离,这极大限制了其在实际工程中的应用。以热处理颗粒态凹凸棒黏土为载体（1~2 mm）,采用氯化铁（FeCl₃）活性负载的方法制备颗粒态吸附磷材料,并详细研究了吸附材料除磷的最佳改性条件、反应时间、影响因素及其效率。结果表明:2 mol/L氯化铁溶液改性的凹凸棒达到最佳改性条件,且磷的吸附能较好地被朗格缪尔方程模拟,其最大吸附量为4.27 mg/g,是原状黏土固磷容量的2倍左右。铁改性凹凸棒土除磷效率受pH值的影响较大,当水体pH值从4提高到11,去除率下降了10%左右。吸附动力学表明,铁改性凹凸棒土对磷的吸附符合拟二级动力学方程,24 h内可以去除84.46%的磷。0.2 mol/L的盐酸对铁改性凹凸棒的再生效果最优,再生后吸附剂对磷的吸附效率下降40%左右。以上研究结果表明,铁改性凹凸棒土可以作为低浓度水体磷去除材料,具有较大的应用前景。     

Photocatalytic performance and dispersion stability of nanodispersed TiO2 hydrosol in electrolyte solutions with different cations

The existence of electrolytes in aquatic environment on the photocatalytic performance and coagulation of nanodispersed TiO₂ hydrosol and the corresponding photocatalytic alteration were investigated by studying cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca ²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Al³⁺). The photocatalysis reactions of nano TiO₂ with different dosages of electrolytes were measured by monitoring the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under ultraviolet A (UV-A) irradiation over time. The results showed that the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ was improved by the presence of Al³⁺, while the performance was impaired by the other tested cations. The negative influences of divalent ions on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ were more significant than monovalent ions. The TiO₂ sol dispersed stable at nano scale at low concentration of electrolyte (< 0.01?mol/L) with slight change of pH, and coagulated into micro sizes at high concentration of electrolytes (> 0.1?mol/L) with larger increase or decrease of pH. The positive effects of Al³⁺ on the photodegradation rate of RhB might relate to the strong hydrolytic action of Al³⁺ in aquatic solutions. The photocatalytic processes of TiO₂ in the presence of all ions followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, and the reaction kinetic constant was increased with the decrease of pH caused by different cations. These work suggested a new perspective about the relationship between coagulation and photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ hydrosols in electrolyte with hydrolysable cations, which demonstrated that TiO₂ hydrosols may be suitable as photocatalysts in aquatic environments.