Technology advance and discounting of the historical emission responsibilities

Solving the dispute over historical greenhouse gases emission responsibility is critical for the future climate agreement.This article borrows the methodology from the carbon budget proposal,but further develops this approach by proposing discount of the historical responsibility due to the technology advance.Firstly,it studies the Annex I countries’mitigation and financial responsibilities of the historical emission in the carbon budget proposal;furthermore,it analyzes the results and implications of the discount approach.Results show that the discount method significantly reduces the burden of the mitigation and financial responsibilities of the Annex I countries.Thus,we claim that the discount approach is a systematic,pragmatic,and fair approach to solve the historical responsibility dispute and financial problems for the post-2020international climate institutions.     

西苕溪流域地表水与地下水相互作用特征!

为探寻西苕溪地表、地下水体的来源和补排关系,对西苕溪流域丰水期和平水期的地表、地下水进行了氢氧同位素(δD和δ18O)组成分析,并结合水体的水化学参数,推断其来源和补排关系。结果表明:西苕溪流域地表、地下水体主要接受降雨补给,在上游山区中的泉水运移过程较为缓慢,上游地表水与地下水补排关系不明显;中游丘陵地区地表、地下水体相互联系紧密,具体补排关系为3号、4号、6号样点处地表水接受地下水补给,其余样点处为地表水补给地下水;下游农田密集区地下水接受河水补给较少。     

云龙湖底栖动物的变化研究

监测分析云龙湖底栖动物种类变化、密度变化,底质组成与变化及生物多样性指数的变化来研究云龙湖水质的变化趋势。研究表明:近5年,云龙湖东湖水质有所改善,西湖富营养化有加重趋势。     

贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地沉积物的微量元素特征及环境意义

根据贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地沉积物的剖面特征及微量元素特征的分析,探讨了该地区沉积环境的演化。对沉积剖面73个样品的分析结果表明,该区∑REE含量较高,稀土的配分模式为轻稀土元素明显富集、重稀土元素亏损的"右倾型",δEu负异常明显,样品的轻重稀土的分馏程度高。δCe反映了研究区沉积期的氧化还原状态,在HD、G1、N1、G5、N5、G6、N6表现为正异常或无异常,沉积时处于强氧化状态;其他层表现为负异常或无异常,表征沉积期的还原环境。微量元素含量变化特征、∑REE含量以及δCe值都说明了研究区古气候的干冷-温湿的旋回演化特征,自下而上可分为3个阶段,研究区经历2个明显的干冷-温湿大循环和3个干冷-温湿交替的小循环。     

关于QUAL系列模型研究与应用的中文文献统计与分析研究

收集、整理了关于QUAL系列模型的108篇中文文献,从文献统计的角度对其进行分析综述。在近20年中,关于QUAL系列模型的文献数量有着一定的增长趋势。参与文献研究的作者隶属于76个机构,其中以高等院校为主。这些文献分布在60种不同的期刊上,共有244人参与文献研究。随着QUAL系列模型在中国的实际应用越来越流行,介于模型的诸多优势,QUAL系列模型在国内的应用也越来越广泛。     

超声-单质锌耦合降解水中对硝基苯胺

尝试将超声氧化与单质锌还原耦合来降解对硝基苯胺,考察了初始pH、锌投加量及超声功率对去除率的影响。实验结果表明,超声与锌耦合处理对硝基苯胺的最佳条件为:溶液初始pH为7,锌投加量为0.6 g/L,超声功率为40 W,超声时间30 min,对硝基苯胺去除率高达94.2%,比单独超声和单独锌作用时分别提高了85.9%和47.2%。超声-单质锌耦合降解对硝基苯胺的过程符合拟一级动力学模型,且超声与单质锌表现出了明显的协同作用,协同因子为4.06。理论分析显示,超声/单质锌体系主要是依靠羟基自由基氧化和单质锌还原之间的耦合来达到降解对硝基苯胺的目的。     

Enhanced debromination of 4-bromophenol by the UV/sulfite process: Efficiency and mechanism

Halogenated aromatic compounds have attracted increasing concerns due to their toxicity and persistency in the environment, and dehalogenation is one of the promising treatment and detoxification methods. Herein, we systematically studied the debromination efficiency and mechanism of para-bromophenol(4-BP) by a recently developed UV/sulfite process. 4-BP underwent rapid degradation with the kinetics accelerated with the increasing sulfite concentration, pH(6.1–10) and temperature, whereas inhibited by dissolved oxygen and organic solvents. The apparent activation energy was estimated to be 27.8 kJ/mol. The degradation mechanism and pathways of 4-BP were explored by employing N_2O and nitrate as the electron scavengers and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify the intermediates. 4-BP degradation proceeded via at least two pathways including direct photolysis and hydrated electron-induced debromination. The contributions of both pathways were distinguished by quantifying the quantum yields of 4-BP via direct photolysis and hydrated electron production in the system. 4-BP could be readily completely debrominated with all the substituted Br released as Br-, and the degradation pathways were also proposed. This study would shed new light on the efficient dehalogenation of brominated aromatics by using the UV/sulfite process.     

中国中小城镇生活垃圾"双解"处理技术研究

利用热重-红外光谱连用分析技术对生活垃圾中六种典型成分的热解特性进行研究,研究结果表明生活垃圾中食物残渣、木屑及纸三种生物质类组份的主要热解温度区间为150℃~600℃,热解过程中的主要挥发分为H2O、CO2、CO及含-COOH等多组分气体.PP、PVC及皮革三种人造制品的主要热解温度区间为200℃~500℃,热解过程中的主要挥发分包括CH4、CO2及CO等小分子气体等.根据热解特性研究结果,设计了一套适用于中小处理规模的生活垃圾的"双解"(热解气化+富氧分解)工艺,同时基于本工艺设计出一种新型卧式"双解炉".     

胶粘剂对芳纶无纬布防弹性能的影响

通过物理共混的方法,将固化剂及消泡剂加入到丙烯酸酯胶粘剂中,从而改善丙烯酸酯胶粘剂织造的无纬布表面粘手及不平整的问题,并利用电子拉力实验机对无纬布进行力学性能测试。研究表明：固化剂的添加可明显提高布样的粘结强度,并且布样的表面不粘手;消泡剂的添加能够明显改善布样的表观质量,布样表面平整、无气泡;添加固化剂可提高布样的力学性能,同时还可提高了材料的防弹性能,子弹穿透层数减少,布样的平均凹陷明显降低,减少了对人体的二次钝伤。     

Concentrations of some heavy metals in water, suspended solids, and biota species from Maluan Bay, China and their environmental significance

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in surface water (including total recoverable, dissolved, suspended solids) and in aufwuchs encrusted on Moerella iridescens Benson from seven selected sites and two reference sites in Maluan Bay were investigated in order to understand current metal contamination due to industrialization and urbanization in Xiamen, China. The muscle tissues of the study species (Penceus penicillatus, Scylla serrata Forskal, Harengula zunasi Bleeker, Tillapia nilotica) from a trawling area within Maluan Bay were also analyzed in order to evaluate its safety as seafood. Based on the obtained data, metal concentrations in surface water were compared with Marine Seawater Quality Standards of China and the US EPA acute and chronic criteria, which showed that Maluan Bay may be subjected to different levels of contamination by the metals. Metal concentrations under study in the edible parts (muscle) of the investigated biota species were within the safety permissible levels for human consumption. Through Pearson??s correlation analysis, the relationships between metal concentrations in surface water and in M. iridescens were evaluated. Copper concentrations in M. iridescens were more strongly positively correlated with particulate copper in suspended solids and total recoverable copper in water rather than with dissolved copper at the sampling sites. The data suggested that copper-rich suspended solids contributed substantially to copper accumulation by M. iridescens and played a critical role in the pathway of copper into the food chain. The conclusions of this investigation are likely to be applicable to other relevant scenarios.