面向保险业的大面积自然灾害防灾核损信息系统研究

本文依据区域自然灾害的组织体系，在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ环境下，以ＭａｐＩｎｆｏ（ＧＩＳ）软件为主要支持工具，结合ＦｏｘＰｒｏｗ、ＶｉｓｕａｌＣ＋＋，提出了一整套保险防灾核损信息管理系统建设的概念化模型，并以湖南省为例，建立了全中文界面、面向湖南保险业的大面积防灾核损信息系统。最后，结合本系统给出几个应用实例     

贵州威宁草海湿地水体中有机碳时空分布特征及来源辨析

有机碳是陆地水生生态系统碳循环重要组成部分,湿地在维持岩溶碳汇稳定性方面具有十分重要的作用,揭示岩溶湿地水体中的有机碳时空分布特征及来源有助于明晰岩溶流域碳循环过程。本文以贵州威宁草海岩溶湿地为研究对象,对其丰、枯水期湿地水中溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)含量以及颗粒有机质(POM)碳、氮同位素等指标的测定,分析草海湿地水中POC、DOC浓度时空分布特征,探讨了水体中有机碳的来源。结果表明:草海湿地水体有机碳总体上以DOC为主,丰水期DOC变化范围为4.25～12.58 mg/L,平均值为8.19±1.49 mg/L,枯水期变化范围为4.79～15.93 mg/L,平均值为8.78±3.01 mg/L,丰水期略低于枯水期,DOC来源较为复杂,不同水文期受到外源和内源不同程度的影响;DOC在空间上丰水期呈现西部偏低,东及东南部偏高的分布特征,枯水期呈现南及西南部偏低,北及东北部偏高的分布特征。草海湿地水体丰水期POC变化范围为0.35～3.39 mg/L,平均值为1.13±0.78 mg/L,枯水期变化范围为0.32～1.84 mg/L,平均值为0.79±0.35 mg/L,丰水期高于枯水期;POC在空间上两期都呈现出中西低、中东高的分布特征。丰水期颗粒有机质的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值变化范围分别为-30.13‰～-14.80‰和-9.69‰～4.72‰,平均值分别为(-22.54±2.78)‰和(-2.88±2.89)‰,该时期POC以陆源有机质贡献为主;枯水期颗粒有机质的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值变化范围分别为-29.13‰～-21.91‰和-0.14‰～9.15‰,平均值分别为(-25.12±2.04)‰和(3.23±1.78)‰,该时期POC主要来源于沉积物。     

西安市典型道路扬尘排放清单及化学组分

道路扬尘是城市大气颗粒的主要来源之一,扬尘中含有的重金属、碳质组分和水溶性离子会危害人体健康 . 为研究西安市道路扬尘的排放量及颗粒物的化学组分,在西安市环路、主干路、次干路和支路设监测点,采集了 141个道路积尘样品,估算了不同类型道路的积尘负荷 . 采用 AP-42 模型估算了不同类型道路的扬尘排放因子,建立了 2018 年西安市道路扬尘 PM_2.5和 PM₁₀的排放清单,分析了道路扬尘颗粒物的化学组分 . 基于西安市路网分布、GIS信息和车流量对道路扬尘 PM_2.5和 PM₁₀的排放量进行了空间分配 . 结果表明,西安市机动车道、非机动车道和人行道的积尘负荷分别为（0.88±0.83）、（2.62±2.23）和（1.41±1.42）g·m^-2. 按道路长度加权平均的扬尘中 PM_2.5和 PM₁₀的排放因子分别为 0.22和0.93 g·km^-1·veh^-1. 2018 年西安市道路扬尘...     

临汾市臭氧污染变化特征、气象影响及输送源分析

结合2014~2020年临汾市臭氧逐小时质量浓度和同期气象数据、再分析数据以及潜在源贡献函数法（PSCF）对临汾市O₃污染时空变化特征、与气象因子的关系以及传输路径及潜在源分布开展研究.结果表明,临汾市近年来臭氧污染日益严重,O₃_8h_max年均质量浓度整体呈现上升趋势,2020年相对于2014年增加78.79%;月变化特征呈现“M”双峰型,季节变化峰值出现在夏季,而日变化受近地面大气光化学过程影响显著,呈较为明显的单峰单谷分布,峰值出现在14：00~16：00.O₃浓度与气温和日照时数呈显著线性正相关,当研究区相对湿度为40%~60%,气温高于20℃,风速区间为2~6m/s时易出现高浓度O₃污染.聚类分析表明临汾市O₃重污染天气期间以短距离输送气流为主,高O₃浓度除受到本地生成影响外,还受到省内临近城市及陕西省中部、河南省北部重工企业排放的大量NO_x和VOCs传输的影响.因此,针对临汾市O₃污染在严格控制本地污染源排放的前提下,必须加强汾渭平原地区的联防联控,才能有效缓解该区域大气污染的连片发生.     

Cross-boundary transport and source apportionment for PM2.5 in a typical industrial city in the Hebei Province, China: A modeling study

Cross-boundary transport of air pollution is a difficult issue in pollution control for the North China Plain. In this study, an industrial district (Shahe City) with a large glass manufacturing sector was investigated to clarify the relative contribution of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) to the city's high levels of pollution. The Nest Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS), paired with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), was adopted and applied with a spatial resolution of 5 km. During the study period, the mean mass concentrations of PM_2.5, SO₂, and NO₂ were observed to be 132.0, 76.1, and 55.5 μg/m³, respectively. The model reproduced the variations in pollutant concentrations in Shahe at an acceptable level. The simulation of online source-tagging revealed that pollutants emitted within a 50-km radius of downtown Shahe contributed 63.4% of the city's total PM_2.5 concentration. This contribution increased to 73.9±21.2% when unfavorable meteorological conditions (high relative humidity, weak wind, and low planetary boundary layer height) were present; such conditions are more frequently associated with severe pollution (PM_2.5 ≥ 250 μg/m³). The contribution from Shahe was 52.3±21.6%. The source apportionment results showed that industry (47%), transportation (10%), power (17%), and residential (26%) sectors were the most important sources of PM_2.5 in Shahe. The glass factories (where chimney stack heights were normally < 70 m) in Shahe contributed 32.1% of the total PM_2.5 concentration in Shahe. With an increase in PM_2.5 concentration, the emissions from glass factories accumulated vertically and narrowed horizontally. At times when pollution levels were severe, the horizontally influenced area mainly covered Shahe. Furthermore, sensitivity tests indicated that reducing emissions by 20%, 40%, and 60% could lead to a decrease in the mass concentration of PM_2.5 of of 12.0%, 23.8%, and 35.5%, respectively.     

Urinary concentrations of phenols, oxidative stress biomarkers and thyroid cancer: Exploring associations and mediation effects

Phenols have been shown to influence the cellular proliferation and function of thyroid in experimental models. However, few human studies have investigated the association between phenol exposure and thyroid cancer, and the underlying mechanisms are also poorly understood. We conducted a case-control study by age- and sex-matching 143 thyroid cancer and 224 controls to investigate the associations between phenol exposures and the risk of thyroid cancer, and further to explore the mediating role of oxidative stress. We found that elevated urinary triclosan (TCS), bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) levels were associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer (all P for trends < 0.05), and the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) comparing the extreme exposure groups were 3.52 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.08, 5.95), 2.06 (95% CI: 1.06, 3.97) and 7.15 (95% CI: 3.12, 16.40), respectively. Positive associations were also observed between urinary TCS, BPA and BPS and three oxidative stress biomarkers measured by 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-iso-prostaglandin F_2α (8-isoPGF_2α) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA), as well as between urinary 8-isoPGF_2α and HNE-MA and the risk of thyroid cancer. Mediation analysis showed that urinary 8-isoPGF_2α mediated 28.95%, 47.06% and 31.08% of the associations between TCS, BPA and BPS exposures and the risk of thyroid cancer, respectively (all P < 0.05). Our results suggest that exposure to TCS, BPA and BPS may be associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer and lipid peroxidation may be an intermediate mechanism. Further studies are warranted to confirm the findings.     

Biofilm response and removal via the coupling of visible-light-driven photocatalysis and biodegradation in an environment of sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI)

The widespread contamination of water systems with antibiotics and heavy metals has gained much attention. Intimately coupled visible -light-responsive photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) provides a novel approach for removing such mixed pollutants. In ICPB, the photocatalysis products are biodegraded by a protected biofilm, leading to the mineralization of refractory organics. In the present study, the ICPB approach exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and biodegradation, providing up to ∼1.27 times the degradation rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and 1.16 times the Cr(VI) reduction rate of visible-light-induced photocatalysis . Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis demonstrated the synergistic ICPB effects of photocatalysis and biodegradation for removing SMX and reducing Cr(VI). In addition, the toxicity of the SMX intermediates and Cr(VI) in the ICPB process significantly decreased. The use of MoS₂/CoS₂ photocatalyst accelerated the separation of electrons and holes, with•O₂^– and h⁺ attacking SMX and e^– reducing Cr(VI), providing an effective means for enhancing the removal and mineralization of these mixed pollutants via the ICPB technique. The microbial community results demonstrate that bacteria that are conducive to pollutant removal are were enriched by the acclimation and ICPB operation processes, thus significantly improving the performance of the ICPB system.     

一种有效降低加油站深基坑作业安全风险施工方法研究

分析了加油站防渗改造深基坑作业安全风险,介绍了加油站深基坑填充墙传统施工方法,提出一种加油站深基坑填充墙砌砖“两段”施工方法,可大幅减少高处作业,提高油罐吊装可操作性和安全度,减少人员违章,降低加油站深基坑施工安全作业风险,从而提升施工本质安全度。     

Biotransformations of Chlorophenols in River Sediments

Abstract

The accumulation of chlorophenols, including 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP), from river sediments from southern Taiwan were studied. Through simple or more exhaustive extractions, the results showed that 99% of the samples containing 2,4,6-TCP and PCP could be removed by simple extraction. the concentrations were found to range from non-detectable to 16.60 ngg¹ for 2,4,6-TCP and to 25.02 ngg¹ for PCP. Partition coefficients (K_p) were 0.71, 0.74 mlg¹ for 2,4,6-TCP, 1.35 and 1.41 mlg¹ for PCP. Biodegradation by DCP-adapted or unadapted anaerobes in sediment was carried out. During 21 days' incubation, the complete degradation time for 2,4,6-TCP in DCP-adapted anaerobic, unadapted anaerobic, and unadapted aerobic conditions were found to be 9, 10, 12 days for N3 sediment, and 8, 10, 11 days for N6 sediment, respectively; for PCP it was 19 days, without degradation, 14 days for N3 sediment, and 13, 17, 10 days for N6 sediment, respectively. the biodegradable products were identified as 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,5-TeCP), 3,4,5-TCP, 3,5-DCP, 3-MCP, phenol, methylphenol, and benzoate for PCP, and 2,4-DCP, 4-MCP, phenol, methylphenol, and benzoate for 2,4,6-TCP.     

Health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure through vegetable consumption around a phosphorus chemical plant in the Kaiyang karst area,southwestern China

The phosphorus chemical industry is an important source of heavy metals in farmland. Vegetables grown on contaminated soil potentially impose adverse effects on human health. In this study, the pollution status and health risks of heavy metals in vegetables around a phosphorus chemical plant in Kaiyang County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China, were assessed, and the low-accumulation vegetables were screened by bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and cluster analysis. Results showed the average concentrations of Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Co, and Zn in vegetables were 0.015, 0.728 0.382, 0.227, 0.850, 27.227, 0.525, and 6.438 mg/kg, respectively. The single-factor pollution index showed that Cd was moderately polluted, and Cr, Hg, As, and Pb were slightly polluted. The Nemerow pollution index showed that the overall heavy metal pollution was classified as moderately polluted. The accumulation of heavy metals in different vegetables varied greatly, and chard, crown daisy, chayote, pumpkin, eggplant, white radish, sweet potato, carrot, and potato were selected as the low-accumulator vegetables. The consumption of all vegetables except chayote poses both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks; among them, the consumption of sweet potato leaves has the highest health risks. The local population needs to adjust plantation structure and change dietary habits, and government should strengthen the management of phosphorus chemical plant pollution.