Transformation of hydroxylated and methoxylated 2,2′,4,4′,5-brominated diphenyl ether(BDE-99) in plants

The occurrence and fate of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) have received significant attention. However, there is limited information on the metabolism relationship between OH-pentaBDEs and MeO-pentaBDEs that were frequently detected with relatively high concentrations in the environment. In this study, the biotransformation between OH-BDE-99 and MeO-BDE-99 was investigated in rice, wheat, and soybean plants. All the three plants can metabolize OH-BDE-99 to corresponding homologous methoxylated metabolites, while the transformation from MeO-BDE-99 to OH-BDE-99 could only be found in soybean. The conversion of parent compounds was the highest in soybean, followed by wheat and rice. Transformation products were found mainly in the roots, with few metabolites being translocated to the shoots and solution after exposure. The results of this study provide valuable information for a better understanding of the accumulation and transformation of OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in different plants.     

六价铬抑制淡水蓝绿藻生长的毒性效应

采用化学品毒性藻类测试的标准方法得到Cr(Ⅵ)抑制蛋白核小球藻、聚球藻、极大螺旋藻、钝顶螺旋藻、羊角月牙藻和四尾栅藻生长的96h-EC₅₀分别为4.96、6.50、11.16、11.74、12.43、20.89mg/L;6种蓝绿藻对Cr(Ⅵ)耐受性大小顺序为:四尾栅藻＞羊角月牙藻＞钝顶螺旋藻＞极大螺旋藻＞聚球藻＞蛋白核小球藻.不同藻类对Cr(Ⅵ)的敏感程度可能与细胞大小和形状、细胞壁结构、藻类分泌物以及酶的作用有关.本文运用X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)初步研究了蛋白核小球藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸收和转化.     

石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源

为研究石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源,利用移动式采样法收集石家庄市不同类型铺装道路积尘,使用ICP-MS和ICP-OES分析测定PM_2.5中Cr、Zn、Mn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Sn、As、Sb、Co、Mo、Cd、Al、Mg、Ca、Fe共16种元素的质量分数.结果表明:石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素质量分数之和依次为支路>快速路>主干道>次干道,与车流量、车辆类型、道路类型等影响因素有关,w（Mg）、w（Ca）、w（Cr）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）、w（Sn）、w（Sb）、w（Mo）、w（Cd）的平均值均高于当地土壤背景值,是背景值的1.2~40.5倍,其中Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Sn、Sb、Mo、Cd等元素中,除Pb的富集因子（9.38）接近10外,其他均高于10,来源于人为污染.I_geo（地累积指数）评价结果显示,Cr、Sn（I_geo为4~5）达到强-极强污染水平;Cd、Cu（I_geo为3~4）达到强污染水平;Sb、Mo、Zn（I_geo为2~3）为中-强污染水平,Pb（I_geo为1~2）为中污染水平.多元统计分析结果表明,石家庄市冬季道路积尘中金属元素来源可分为四大类:As、Mo、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb主要来自机动车和大气中的燃煤沉降;Mn、Co、Sb来自于自然来源、机动车尾气的排放和焊接材料及轴承的磨损;Cr、Cu、Sn主要来自于工业排放的沉降和机动车刹车片磨损;Al、Ca、Mg、Fe主要来自绿化带或机动车携带的土壤尘.研究显示,石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素污染严重,主要来源于交通排放.      

农村恶臭污染源分析及防治措施探讨

由于人口分散、经济以粗放型为主、环境缺乏管理,近年来农村环境问题日益凸显,农村恶臭污染尤为严重。农村恶臭污染源具有分散性、区域性、隐蔽性的特点,且污染物排放量小、排污随机、扩散性强、不易监测,这给研究农村恶臭污染源问题带来了一定的困难。目前,对农村恶臭污染源分析研究还处于探索阶段,没有形成完整的体系。针对农村恶臭污染的特点,对农村恶臭污染源进行了初步的分析和探讨,以期对治理农村恶臭污染及改善农村环境有所帮助。     

吉林省环保电子政务信息安全制度规划管理探索

本文介绍了电子政务信息安全的定义和内涵,通过对吉林省环保电子政务信息安全制度的梳理和优化,以制度建设为手段来提升环境管理水平,实现以环保电子政务为中心,提高行政服务效率同时以制度为保障降低安全风险。     

Mn203/γ-Al2O3在超临界水氧化中催化活性的研究

采用浸渍法制备了Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂,在超临界水中催化氯化降解1,5-萘二磺酸,探索了催化剂Mn2O3活性组分负载量、催化剂空速和反应溶液pH对Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性的影响.结果表明:Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3的催化活性在一定范围内随Mn2O3活性组分负载量的增加而提高;在一定范围内,Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3空速越小,模拟废水的COD去除率越高;Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化活性在反应溶液呈酸性情况下比碱性时高.     

The solid-solution partitioning of heavy metals (Cu,Zn, Cd,Pb) in upland soils of England and Wales

Ninety-eight surface soils were sampled from the uplands of England and Wales, and analysed for loss-on-ignition (LOI), and total and dissolved base cations, Al, Fe, and trace heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb). The samples covered wide ranges of pH (3.4-8.3) and LOI (9-98%). Soil metal contents measured by extraction with 0.43 mol l-1 HNO3 and 0.1 mol l-1 EDTA were very similar, and generally lower than values obtained by extraction with a mixture of concentrated nitric and perchloric acids. Total heavy metal concentrations in soil solution depend positively upon soil metal content and [DOC], and negatively upon pH and LOI, values of r2 ranging from 0.39 (Cu) to 0.81 (Pb). Stronger correlations (r2=0.76-0.95) were obtained by multiple regression analysis involving free metal ion (Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+) concentrations calculated with the equilibrium speciation model WHAM/Model VI. The free metal ion concentrations depend positively upon MHNO3 and negatively upon pH and LOI. The data were also analysed by using WHAM/Model VI to describe solid-solution interactions as well as solution speciation; this involved calibrating each soil sample by adjusting the content of "active" humic matter to match the observed soil pH. The calibrated model provided fair predictions of total heavy metal concentrations in soil solution, and predicted free metal ion concentrations were in reasonable agreement with the values obtained from solution-only speciation calculations.     

水氮组合模式对双季稻甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

为给双季稻水肥高效利用调控技术提供理论基础,设置间歇灌溉和淹水灌溉两种灌溉方式,高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮这4种施肥方式,开展大田小区试验,探讨了水氮组合模式对双季稻CH4和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,间歇灌溉显著降低了CH4积累排放量,与淹水灌溉相比,早晚稻分别降低13.18~87.90 kg·hm-2和74.48~131.07 kg·hm-2,分别减排了24.4%~67.4%和42.5%~66.5%;但促进了N2O排放,早晚稻的增排量分别为0.03~0.24 kg·hm-2和0.35~1.53 kg·hm-2,分别比淹水灌溉增加6.2%~18.3%和40.2%~80.9%.总体上,间歇灌溉降低了稻田温室气体的增温潜势,其中早稻降低了18.8%~58.6%,晚稻降低34.4%~60.1%,两季综合降低2 388~4 151 kg·hm-2(以CO2eq计),下降41%~54%.通过相关分析发现,土壤CH4排放和土壤溶液Eh显著负相关,和溶液CH4浓度显著正相关.与淹水灌溉相比间歇灌溉模式有利于减排CH4,虽增排了N2O,但增温潜势显著减少.综合来看,间歇灌溉配施中氮更有利于双季稻种植.     

喀斯特地区典型风化剖面重金属超标程度及元素迁移特征研究

我国西南喀斯特地区是著名的重金属元素地球化学异常区。除了人类活动所导致的土壤污染问题以外,地质背景很可能是造成土壤重金属超标的重要因素。为了弄清岩石风化和成土过程中重金属的释放规律及其环境效应,本次研究以贵州省罗甸县典型的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩风化剖面为载体,采用实地调查、地球化学测试分析等手段,结合质量平衡系数的计算方法对研究剖面的重金属元素超标程度及元素迁移规律展开调查。研究结果表明:碳酸盐岩比泥质岩具有更高的重金属元素释放潜能,其风化和成土过程向环境中释放重金属的量与风化壳的发育程度有关。研究区石灰土剖面重金属元素超标程度严重,且以Cd和As的超标程度最大。地带性黄壤中Cr、Ni元素的富集很可能与剖面发育过程中铁氧化物的沉淀富集有关。综合分析认为岩性不同所导致的风化速率的差异很可能是造成碳酸盐岩和泥质岩剖面重金属淋失程度差异的主要原因。而且,重金属元素在风化剖面中的迁移规律受元素自身地球化学性质、母岩类型和风化壳发育程度等多重因素控制。     

Typical atmospheric haze during crop harvest season in northeastern China: A case in the Changchun region

This study presents the mass concentrations of PM_(2.5),O_3,SO_2 and NOxat one urban,one suburban and two rural locations in the Changchun region from September 25 to October 272013. Major chemical components of PM_(2.5)at the four sites were daily sampled and analyzed. Most of daily concentrations of SO_2(7–82 μg/m~3),O_3(27–171 μg/m~3) and NOx(14–213 μg/m~3) were below the limits of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard(NAAQS)in China. However,PM_(2.5)concentrations(143–168 μg/m~3) were 2-fold higher than NAAQS.Higher PM_(2.5)concentrations(~ 150 μg/m~3) were measured during the pre-harvest and harvest at the urban site,while PM_(2.5)concentrations significantly increased from 250 to400 μg m~(-3) at suburban and rural sites with widespread biomass burning. At all sites,PM_(2.5)components were dominated by organic carbon(OC) and followed by soluble component sulfate(SO_4~(2-)),ammonium(NH_4~+) and nitrate(NO_3~-). Compared with rural sites,urban site had a higher mineral contribution and lower potassium(K~+and K) contribution to PM_(2.5).Severe atmospheric haze events that occurred from October 21 to 23 were attributed to strong source emissions(e.g.,biomass burning) and unfavorable air diffusion conditions.Furthermore,coal burning originating from winter heating supply beginning on October 18 increased the atmospheric pollutant emissions. For entire crop harvest period,the Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) analysis indicated five important emission contributors in the Changchun region,as follows: secondary aerosol(39%),biomass burning(20%),supply heating(18%),soil/road dust(14%) and traffic(9%).