不同地区针叶林土壤中活性铝的形态比较

本文研究我国南北某些地区针叶林土壤中活性铝的形态分布,探讨了以羊毛铬菁R为显色剂测定活性铝的流动注射分析方法,并用四种化学浸提液作土壤中活性铝的溶出及形态分离。结果表明:土壤本身的酸度对铝的溶出和形态分布有明显影响。     

电厂燃煤过程中汞的迁移转化及控制技术研究

讨论了近年来国内外电厂煤燃烧过程中汞的形态分布以及迁移转化规律研究的最新成果 ,并在此基础上评价了现有电站污染控制系统的脱汞性能 ,考虑到汞的排放控制 ,提出了对现有设备的可能优化措施。在分析中 ,注意到汞的易挥发性 ,认为汞排放控制应该充分考虑烟气中汞形态的迁移转化。由于氧化态汞在汞控制中有着重要作用 ,其研究将是控制电厂汞排放的关键。先进的汞排放控制技术的开发应以增强汞的氧化态为优先发展方向。     

Filtration and transport of Bacillus subtilis spores and the F-RNA phage MS2 in a coarse alluvial gravel aquifer: implications in the estimation of setback distances

Filtration of Bacillus subtilis spores and the F-RNA phage MS2 (MS2) on a field scale in a coarse alluvial gravel aquifer was evaluated from the authors' previously published data. An advection-dispersion model that is coupled with first-order attachment kinetics was used in this study to interpret microbial concentration vs. time breakthrough curves (BTC) at sampling wells. Based on attachment rates (katt) that were determined by applying the model to the breakthrough data, filter factors (f) were calculated and compared with f values estimated from the slopes of log (cmax/co) vs. distance plots. These two independent approaches resulted in nearly identical filter factors, suggesting that both approaches are useful in determining reductions in microbial concentrations over transport distance. Applying the graphic approach to analyse spatial data, we have also estimated the f values for different aquifers using information provided by some other published field studies. The results show that values of f, in units of log (cmax/co) m(-1), are consistently in the order of 10(-2) for clean coarse gravel aquifers, 10(-3) for contaminated coarse gravel aquifers, and generally 10(-1) for sandy fine gravel aquifers and river and coastal sand aquifers. For each aquifer category, the f values for bacteriophages and bacteria are in the same order-of-magnitude. The f values estimated in this study indicate that for every one-log reduction in microbial concentration in groundwater, it requires a few tens of meters of travel in clean coarse gravel aquifers, but a few hundreds of meters in contaminated coarse gravel aquifers. In contrast, a one-log reduction generally only requires a few meters of travel in sandy fine gravel aquifers and sand aquifers. Considering the highest concentration in human effluent is in the order of 10(4) pfu/l for enteroviruses and 10(6) cfu/100 ml for faecal coliform bacteria, a 7-log reduction in microbial concentration would comply with the drinking water standards for the downgradient wells under natural gradient conditions. Based on the results of this study, a 7-log reduction would require 125-280 m travel in clean coarse gravel aquifers, 1.7-3.9 km travel in contaminated coarse gravel aquifers, 33-61 m travel in clean sandy fine gravel aquifers, 33-129 m travel in contaminated sandy fine gravel aquifers, and 37-44 m travel in contaminated river and coastal sand aquifers. These recommended setback distances are for a worst-case scenario, assuming direct discharge of raw effluent into the saturated zone of an aquifer. Filtration theory was applied to calculate collision efficiency (alpha) from model-derived attachment rates (katt), and the results are compared with those reported in the literature. The calculated alpha values vary by two orders-of-magnitude, depending on whether collision efficiency is estimated from the effective particle size (d10) or the mean particle size (d50). Collision efficiency values for MS-2 are similar to those previously reported in the literature (e.g. ) [DeBorde, D.C., Woessner, W.W., Kiley, QT., Ball, P., 1999. Rapid transport of viruses in a floodplain aquifer. Water Res. 33 (10), 2229-2238]. However, the collision efficiency values calculated for Bacillus subtilis spores were unrealistic, suggesting that filtration theory is not appropriate for theoretically estimating filtration capacity for poorly sorted coarse gravel aquifer media. This is not surprising, as filtration theory was developed for uniform sand filters and does not consider particle size distribution. Thus, we do not recommend the use of filtration theory to estimate the filter factor or setback distances. Either of the methods applied in this work (BTC or concentration vs. distance analyses), which takes into account aquifer heterogeneities and site-specific conditions, appear to be most useful in determining filter factors and setback distances.     

济阳坳陷牛庄洼陷南斜坡原油成熟度浅析

从定性和绝对定量角度对济阳坳陷牛庄洼陷南斜坡原油、烃源岩可溶物烃类组成进行了详细剖析 ,重点从定性和定量角度对该区“未熟 低熟油”的成熟度进行了讨论。结果表明 ,依据最新确认的未熟 低熟油界定标准 ,牛庄洼陷南斜坡八面河等油田原油的定量成熟度参数已达到成熟油的范畴 ;标样定量分析表明 ,原油中粪甾烷、13α ,14α三环萜烷等热稳定性低的生物标志物绝对丰度极低 ;原油C2 9甾烷ααα2 0S/ (S +R)的实际值高于测定值 ,未熟 低熟烃类的混入是导致原油甾烷异构化参数值大幅度降低和热稳定性低化合物检出的根本原因。定性和绝对定量的结合是识别原油成熟度高低的可靠途径     

组合工艺处理高浓度酚醛废水的研究

针对绝缘材料厂酚醛树脂生产废水高酚高醛的水质特点，研究了二次缩合-化学氧化-粉煤灰吸附组合处理工艺。结果表明，经该工艺处理后不仅出水酚含量可降至0．3mg／L以下，CODCr10．2mg／L左右，各项水质指标均达到了GB8978—96污水综合排放一级标准，同时还可回收一定数量的树脂。     

UV light tolerance and reactivation potential of tetracycline-resistant bacteria from secondary effluents of a wastewater treatment plant

Tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB) are of concern as emerging microbial contaminants in reclaimed water. To understand the effects of UV disinfection on TRB, both inactivation and reactivation profiles of TRB, as well as 16 tetracycline-resistant isolates from secondary effluent, were characterized in this study. The inactivation ratio of TRB was significantly lower (3.0-log) than that of heterotrophic bacteria (> 4.0-log) in the secondary effluent. Additionally, the proportion of TRB significantly increased from 1.65% to 15.51% under 20 mJ/cm² ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The inactivation rates of tetracycline-resistant isolates ranged from 0.57/s to 1.04/s, of which tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was the most tolerant to UV light. The reactivation of TRB, tetracycline-resistant isolated strains, as well as heterotrophic bacteria commonly occurred in the secondary effluent even after 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure. The colony forming ability of TRB and heterotrophic bacteria reached 3.2-log and 3.0-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation. The final inactivation ratio of tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was 1.18-log under 20 mJ/cm² UV exposure after 22 hr incubation, which is similar to those of TRB (1.18-log) and heterotrophic bacteria (1.19-log). The increased proportion of TRB and the reactivation of tetracycline-resistant enterobacteria in reclaimed water could induce a microbial health risk during wastewater reuse.     

不同 pH 浸提条件对生活垃圾焚烧炉渣重金属浸出影响研究

生活垃圾焚烧炉渣富集了大量重金属,对环境有严重影响。对生活垃圾焚烧炉渣以（ HJ／T 299－2007）硫酸硝酸法浸提,在不同的pH浸提条件下对炉渣中重金属浸出特性进行了实验研究。结果表明重金属浸出量随着浸出pH的下降有明显上升趋势,尤其在酸性条件下有明显提升。炉渣在酸雨长期浸泡下会浸出大量重金属,对周边土壤及地下水造成严重影响。     

水环境多环芳烃源解析研究进展

城市化和工业化给环境带来的潜在危害引起人们对环境质量的重视。污染物来源解析研究的成果为环境管理提供了有效的工具。在查阅大量文献的基础上,综述了应用于水环境尤其是沉积物中多环芳烃源解析的主要理论方法和应用模型,并初步提出了沉积物中多环芳烃源解析方法。     

可燃材料火灾中的毒性评估方法

建筑火灾中致人死亡的因素除了热以外 ,更多的是因为烟气的毒性。为此 ,重点介绍了几种常用的烟气毒性的评估方法 ,并对这几种评估方法进行了比较。基于对这些评估方法的描述 ,阐明了烟气毒性研究未来的发展方向。     

电催化氧化中的三种催化材料处理酸性红B染料的比较研究

本文采用三种不同催化机理的材料———半导体材料TiO2 、软锰矿石和混合稀土进行了电催化氧化 (ECO)染料酸性红B的研究 ,结果表明 ,稀土材料在ECO体系中呈负催化效应 ;软锰矿石的色度去除催化效果明显 ;TiO2 的催化效果最显著 ,其色度和COD去除效果可比无催化剂时效果分别提高60 %和 75% ,可以作为电催化氧化的催化剂。并进一步研究了TiO2 用量对电催化氧化 (ECO)的影响。