Assessing field vulnerability to phosphorus loss in Beijing agricultural area using Revised Field Phosphorus Ranking Scheme

Guanting Reservoir,one of the drinking water supply sources of Beijing,suffers from water eutrophication.It is mainly supplied by Guishui River.Thus,to investigate the reasons of phosphorus(P)loss and improve the P management strategies in Guishui River watershed are important for the safety of drinking water in this region.In this study,a Revised Field P Ranking Scheme(PRS)was developed to reflect the field vulnerability of P loss at the field scale based on the Field PRS.In this new scheme,six factors are included, and each one was assigned a relative weight and a determination method.The affecting factors were classified into transport factors and source factors,and,the standards of environmental quality on surface water and soil erosion classification and degradation of the China were used in this scheme.By the new scheme,thirty-four fields in the Guishui River were categorized as"low","medium"or"high"potential for P loss into the runoff.The results showed that the P loss risks of orchard and vegetable fields were higher than that of corn and soybean fields.The source factors were the main factors to affect P loss from the study area.In the study area,controlling P input and improving P usage efficiency are critical to decrease P loss.Based on the results,it was suggested that more attention should be paid on the fields of vegetable and orchard since they have extremely high usage rate of P and high soil test of E Compared with P surplus by field measurements,the Revised Field PRS was more suitable for reflecting the characteristics of fields,and had higher potential capacity to identify critical source areas of P loss than PRS.     

利用紫外预处理加强氯苯的生物滴滤净化

试验采用主波长为185nm的低压汞灯为紫外光源、醚型聚氨酯海绵(PU-foam)为填料的紫外-生物滴滤塔联合装置净化氯苯废气.进气氯苯浓度为600mg·m-3、停留时间分别为92、69和46s时,联合装置的平均去除率分别达到99%、95%和80%;最大去除负荷达到59.6g·(m3·h)-1;联合装置和单独生物滴滤塔生物膜形成时间分别为20d和27d;联合装置的抗冲击能力较好,停留时间缩短至30s,联合装置去除效率可达75%以上,高于单独生物滴滤塔的去除效率(25%).对紫外-生物滴滤塔联合装置机制初步探讨表明,紫外氧化氯苯形成了水溶性较好的可生物降解的物质,降低生物滴滤塔氯苯的处理负荷,同时紫外辐照过程中产生的O3能有效地控制生物滴滤塔内微生物的过量生长,从而维持整个装置的最佳运行状态.     

UV-B增强对稻田呼吸速率、CH4和N2O排放的影响

于水稻生长季进行室外盆栽试验,人工模拟UV-B辐射增强20%,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定稻田生态系统的呼吸速率、CH4和N2O排放通量,研究UV-B辐射增强对稻田生态系统呼吸速率、CH4和N2O排放通量的影响.结果表明,UV-B辐射增强没有改变稻田呼吸速率、CH4和N2O排放通量的季节变化规律;与对照相比,平均呼吸速率...     

外加淀粉酶预处理污泥厌氧发酵产氢研究

通过外加淀粉酶预处理剩余污泥,考察了淀粉酶对污泥的破解效果,研究了接种产氢菌(Enterococcus sp.LG1)和未接种产氢菌两种状况下,污泥厌氧发酵产氢效果,并与相应温度(60℃)热预处理污泥的发酵产氢效果进行对比,同时分析探讨了污泥发酵产氢过程中底物和pH值的变化.结果表明,淀粉酶预处理污泥4h后水解效果最佳...     

猪粪秸秆高温堆肥过程中碳氮转化特征与堆肥周期探讨

将猪粪与秸秆以7：1（质量比,以鲜重计）的比例,在自制的强制通风静态堆肥反应箱中进行高温堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中碳氮转化特征及其腐熟时间.同时,在堆制的23d中,根据堆温变化采样6次,分析了堆肥样品中各种氮素和碳素含量及其它性质的变化情况.结果表明：堆肥结束时,硝态氮含量增加了103.0%,铵态氮、有机氮、总氮含量分...     

基于部分湿式氧化法的污泥资源化研究

介绍了部分湿式氧化法的基本原理,指出COD去除率是判断是否部分湿式氧化的重要指标。用高压反应釜进行污泥处理,在一定的温度、压力和适合氧气量的条件下,考察了COD去除率、有机物降解率、pH值、过滤性能等随反应时间的变化。试验结果表明,通过控制反应时间,可以实现污泥的部分湿式氧化。考察了污泥经过部分湿式氧化后产物的性质,包括颗粒分布、有机物含量、养分含量和重金属等项目,分析结果表明,产物具有良好的资源化前景。     

西北干旱区中小城市水价探析

为了促进西北干旱区中小城市的快速、稳定的发展,解决该地区中小城市的水资源短缺问题,以水价作为出发点,充分利用水价格的经济杠杆作用,制定出该地区中小城市的水价。以西北干旱区中具有代表性的城市石河子为例,通过实地调研,得到石河子居民、居民生活用水情况、现行水价、居民家庭节水情况、居民的心理承受水价以及平时生活的节水意识等情况,通过分析,得出居民的心理承受偏低,现行水价仍有一定的上调空间,调价范围为1.58~2.31元/m3,最高可调至4.11元/m3。结合石河子的水价,为西北干旱区的中小城镇的水价改革、提高水资源的利用率等提出一些切实可行的建议。     

Transport and fate of mercury under different hydrologic regimes in polluted stream in mining area

Seepage from Hg mine wastes and calcines contains high concentrations of mercury (Hg). Hg pollution is a major environmental problem in areas with abandoned mercury mines and retorting units. This study evaluates factors, especially the hydrological and sedimentary variables, governing temporal and spatial variation in levels and state of mercury in streams impacted by Hg contaminated runo . Samples were taken during di erent flow regimes in theWanshan Hg mining area in Guizhou Province, China. In its headwaters the sampled streams/rivers pass by several mine wastes and calcines with high concentration of Hg. Seepage causes serious Hg contamination to the downstream area. Concentrations of Hg in water samples showed significant seasonal variations. Periods of higher flow showed high concentrations of total Hg (THg) in water due to more particles being re-suspended and transported. The concentrations of major anions (e.g., Cl??, F??, NO3?? and SO4 2??) were lower during higher flow due to dilution. Due to both sedimentation of particles and dilution from tributaries the concentration of THg decreased from 2100 ng/L to background levels (< 50 ng/L) within 10 km distance downstream. Sedimentation is the main reason for the fast decrease of the concentration, it accounts for 69% and 60% for higher flow and lower flow regimes respectively in the upper part of the stream. Speciation calculation of the dissolved Hg fraction (DHg) (using Visual MINTEQ) showed that Hg(OH)2 associated with dissolved organic matter is the main form of Hg in dissolved phase in surface waters in Wanshan (over 95%).     

Resistance and biosorption mechanism of silver ions by Bacillus cereus biomass

Biosorption of silver ions onto Bacillus cereus biomass was investigated. Overall kinetic experiments were performed for the determination of the necessary contact time for the attainment of equilibrium. It was found that the overall biosorption process was best described by pseudo second-order kinetic model. The crystals detected by scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested the precipitation was a possible mechanism of biosorption. The molecular genetics of silver resistance of B. cereus biomass was also detected and illustrated by a whole cell sensor tool.     

Preliminary report on methane emissions from the Three Gorges Reservoir in the summer drainage period

Considerable variations may exist in CH4 emissions from the Three Gorges Reservoir.