Microwave-assisted continuous flow phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide composites and related visible light catalytic performance

The creation of an environmentally friendly synthesis method for silver nanomaterials (AgNPs) is an urgent concern for sustainable nanotechnology development. In the present study, a novel straightforward and green method for the preparation of silver nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide (AgNP/rGO) composites was successfully developed through the combination of phytosynthesis, continuous flow synthesis and microwave-assistance. Oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) extracts were used as both plant reducing and capping agents for fast online synthesis of AgNP/rGO composites. The experimental parameters were optimized and the morphologies of the prepared materials were investigated. The characterization results reveal that spherical AgNPs were quickly synthesized and uniformly dispersed on rGO sheets using the proposed online system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that phenols, flavonoids, and other substances in the plant extracts played a decisive role in the synthesis of AgNP/rGO composites. Using sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) degradation of p-nitrophenol (4-NP) as a model, the catalytic activity of the prepared AgNP/rGO materials was evaluated. The complete degradation of 4-NP was achieved within 12 min through the use of AgNP/rGO materials, and the composite had a much better catalytic activity than the bare AgNPs and rGO had. Compared with the conventional chemical method, our online method is facile, fast, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly.     

不同基质组合对氮磷吸附能力的研究

就地利用菜地改建小型湿地系统可能是实现农村生活污水消纳和资源化利用的一种有效途径,其中菜园土与吸附基质的组合直接关系水体污染物中氮磷的净化效果. 选取沸石、谷壳、活性炭、陶粒和菜园土作为试验基质,使用BET比表面积孔径分析仪、扫描电子显微镜和Ｘ射线衍射仪(EDX)对其进行表征,通过等温吸附试验分别筛选出对氮磷吸附效果较好的沸石和陶粒,设置菜园土∶陶粒∶沸石质量占比基质组合:F1(10∶0∶0)、F2(6∶2∶2)、F3(8∶1∶1)、F4(8∶2∶0)、F5(8∶0∶2)、F6(6∶1∶3)和F7(6∶3∶1). 在低、中、高3种氮磷浓度下,通过吸附动力学试验筛选出去除效果最好的基质组合. 结果表明:①5种单一基质中,活性炭、陶粒的比表面积(35.72、33.23 m2/g)和微孔体积(2.20×10?1、8.25×10?2 cm2/g)均较大;沸石和陶粒表面呈粗糙多孔结构. ②Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附模型均能较好地拟合5种单一基质对氮磷的吸附,各基质对氮的饱和吸附量表现为沸石(2.00 mg/g)>陶粒(1.47 mg/g)>菜园土(1.17 mg/g)>活性炭(0.99 mg/g)>谷壳(0.21 mg/g),对磷的饱和吸附量表现为陶粒(1.28 mg/g)>活性炭(1.25 mg/g)>沸石(1.16 mg/g)>谷壳(0.80 mg/g)>菜园土(0.50 mg/g). ③7种基质组合对氮磷吸附具有相似的动力学特征,Elovich模型、双常数速率模型和一级反应动力学模型均能较好地模拟基质组合对不同污染负荷条件下氮磷的吸附规律. ④7种基质组合对氮磷的吸附速率均呈现先快后慢的趋势,最终于12~48 h趋于稳定. 研究显示,F2、F4和F7基质组合对氮磷的去除效果均较好,但考虑菜地改造的简易性和可操作性,F4为最佳基质组合,其在3种不同氮磷浓度下对氮、磷的吸附量分别为0.36~0.68和0.10~0.39 mg/g.      

长江三角洲地表水环境污染规律及调控对策

根据野外实地考察和定点观测数据 ,结合历年环境监测资料 ,初步揭示了长江三角洲地表水环境污染的现状与近十年来的时空演变规律 :河网干流水质基本良好 ,中小河流污染突出 ;城市河流有机污染严重 ,普遍出现水体黑臭现象 ;湖泊氮磷含量逐年增高 ,水体富营养化加剧 ;市郊小城镇河网水质急剧恶化 ,已成为新的水环境污染中心。造成长江三角洲地表水环境污染的主要物源包括工业废水和生活污水、畜禽粪便、农田化肥、底泥等。针对上述污染规律和成因机制 ,提出了相应的调控对策。     

肥料调控强化象草对重度Cd污染农田修复效果

象草（Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.）因适应能力强、生长迅速和生物量大,且具有一定的经济效益,在重金属污染土壤植物修复中有很好的应用前景.通过田间试验,研究不同肥料（有机肥、复合肥和追施氮肥）联合施用强化象草修复重度Cd污染农田的效果.结果表明：①不同肥料调控处理降低了土壤pH值,提高了土壤有机质含量,根际土壤总Cd含量较修复前降低了8.3%~23.3%,土壤有效态Cd含量较对照降低了11.7%~34.6%;②不同肥料调控处理显著促进了象草生长和对Cd的吸收累积,象草地上部生物量增加29.2%~368.2%,象草Cd总累积量增加了37.8%~283.9%,其中有机肥+复合肥+追施氮肥处理（F3N）象草Cd总累积量达到了145.48 g·hm^-2;③不同肥料联合对提高象草Cd累积量的效果为：有机肥+复合肥+追施氮肥>有机肥+复合肥>单一复合肥.因此,在重度Cd污染农田植物修复中,肥料调控可以强化象草对土壤中Cd的富集移除效果,进而加快对污染农田的修复.     

1996-2010年云南省旅游总收入差异的时空变化分析

选取1996-2010年云南省16个市州的旅游总收入为研究对象,综合运用标准差、变异系数、泰尔指数、累计比重等方法分析云南旅游总收入的总体差异,探讨近15年来全省旅游总收入在地带间、地带内和市州际的差异及其变动演进.研究表明,时间上云南省旅游总收入呈现绝对差异不断扩大但相对差异在小幅增长后逐步收敛的特征;空间上,云南省旅游总收入差异明显但不平衡特征正在逐步缩小.云南省旅游总收入的差异主要是由于地带间差异和地带内差异共同导致,地带间差异已有所缓和;滇西北、滇西南、滇东南和滇中地区是地带内差异的最重要来源;旅游资源禀赋、旅游基础设施、旅游发展政策和经济发展水平是云南省旅游总收入的时空差异及其变动的的主要原因.     

贮存寿命评价工具箱设计研究

作为装备贮存可靠性与贮存寿命评价的关键技术,加速寿命试验和加速退化试验已在工程中广泛应用,基于物理分析的贮存寿命特征检测技术也逐步在贮存寿命评价工程中开展。贮存寿命评价技术已有一套完整的理论基础并积累了大量的工程实践经验,但行业内至今仍缺少专门针对贮存寿命评价的软件工具。本文通过对贮存寿命评价工具箱的需求分析研究工作,构建了工具箱的技术框架,并给出工具箱各主要模块的业务流程图和业务概念图,为贮存寿命工具箱的开发提供了支撑。     

基于AMC加载的高增益60GHz天线

针对如何在不改变天线结构的前提下增大天线增益的问题,采用了AMC（人工磁导体）加载的方法。设计一款圆环缝隙AMC加载的天线,通过对AMC相位的改变来优化天线。设计的加载天线包括AMC和60GHz微带贴片天线,该加载天线拥有10GHz（55GHz-65GHz）的带宽和5.6dBi的增益;实验结果表明,相比没有加载之前的天线,加载天线拥有相同的带宽,其增益提高了2.9dBi。     

The Convergence Analysis on the Economic Growth and Energy Intensity Gap between Regional Sectors

In this paper,the authors have analyzed the relationship between energy intensity gap and GDP per worker gap of China’s western and eastern provinces over the period 1997-2006.Using panel data model with lag adjustment,taking the above provinces and six industrial sectors (agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry,and fisheries,industry,construction industry,transport,storage and post & telecommunications,wholesale and retail trades & catering industry,and other sectors of tertiary industry.) as the investigated subjects,the authors have conducted empirical study on the convergence of GDP per worker gap and the convergence of energy intensity gap with respect to the variation of GDP per worker gap,and have concluded that:First,the GDP per worker gap of the six industrial sectors and provinces are convergent,and of this,the convergence rate of GDP per worker gap of Construction Industry is the fastest,while that of Industry is the slowest.Second,the overall energy intensity gap between eastern and western provinces is convergent,that is,with the narrowing of GDP per worker gap between eastern and western provinces,the energy intensity gap converges,but its convergence rate is slower than that of GDP per worker gap.Third,energy intensity gap between various industrial sectors of the east and the west is either convergent or divergent,and there are differences.The energy intensity gap of agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry,and fisheries,industry,and construction industry is convergent,while that of the other three industrial sectors is divergent.Fourth,the convergence of the overall energy intensity of the western provinces is not in conformity with the convergence of the various industrial sectors,and there are significant differences,indicating that the western provinces and autonomous regions should take measures to more effectively improve their overall energy utilization efficiency at the industrial sector level.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from MSW incineration in China: Impacts of waste characteristics and energy recovery

Determination of the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted during municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is complex because both contributions and savings of GHGs exist in the process. To identify the critical factors influencing GHG emissions from MSWI in China, a GHG accounting model was established and applied to six Chinese cities located in different regions. The results showed that MSWI in most of the cities was the source of GHGs, with emissions of 25–207 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw. Within all process stages, the emission of fossil CO₂ from the combustion of MSW was the main contributor (111–254 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw), while the substitution of electricity reduced the GHG emissions by 150–247 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw. By affecting the fossil carbon content and the lower heating value of the waste, the contents of plastic and food waste in the MSW were the critical factors influencing GHG emissions of MSWI. Decreasing food waste content in MSW by half will significantly reduce the GHG emissions from MSWI, and such a reduction will convert MSWI in Urumqi and Tianjin from GHG sources to GHG sinks. Comparison of the GHG emissions in the six Chinese cities with those in European countries revealed that higher energy recovery efficiency in Europe induced much greater reductions in GHG emissions. Recovering the excess heat after generation of electricity would be a good measure to convert MSWI in all the six cities evaluated herein into sinks of GHGs.     

Oxidative stress and genotoxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

This study was a preliminary step to evaluate the acute toxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ([C₈mim]Cl) on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) by determining the effects on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and by the comet assay. The results showed that [C₈mim]Cl had acute toxicity at concentrations above 20 mg L^?1, inducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity on fish liver cells. In respect to enzyme activities, [C₈mim]Cl induced changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione content the livers of fish exposed at 20–80 mg L^?1. [C₈mim]Cl at the same exposure level caused a remarkable increase in malondialdehyde level. The comet assay indicated that [C₈mim]Cl at 20–80 mg L^?1 induced genotoxicity in liver cells. With increased exposure concentration and time, the two comet parameters trailing rate and tail moment were significantly increased, with significant differences (P < 0.05) observed between control group and each treatment group. The present study shows that ionic liquids can be a threat to the health of aquatic organism when accidentally released to aquatic ecosystems.