Energy and economic impacts of an international multi-regional carbon market

The establishment of a global multi-regional carbon market is considered to be a cost effective approach to facilitate global emission abatement and has been widely concerned.The ongoing planned linkage between the European Union’s carbon market and a new emission trading system in Australia in 2015 would be an important attempt to the practice of building up an international carbon market across different regions.To understand the abatement effect of such a global carbon market and to study its energy and economic impact on different market participants,this article adopts a global dynamic computable general equilibrium model with a detailed representation of the interactions between energy and economic systems.Our model includes 20 economic sectors and 19 regions,and describes in detail 17 energy technologies.Bundled with fossil fuel consumptions,the emission permits are considered to be essential inputs in each of the production and consumption activities in the economic system to simulate global carbon market policies.Carbon emission permits are endogenously set in the model,and can be traded between sectors and regions.Considering the current development of the global carbon market,this study takes 2020 as the study period.Four scenarios(reference scenario,independent carbon market scenario,Europe Union（EUh-Australia scenario,and China-EU-Australia scenario） are designed to evaluate the impact of the global carbon market involving China,the EU,and Australia.We find that the carbon price in the three countries varies a lot,from $32/tCO₂ in Australia,to $17.5/tCO₂ in the EU,and to $10/tCO₂ in China.Though the relative emission reduction（3%） in China is lower than that in the EU（9%） and Australia（18%）,the absolute emission reduction in China is far greater than that in the EU and Australia.When China is included in the carbon market,which already includes the EU and Australia,the prevailing global carbon price falls from $22 per ton carbon dioxide（CO₂） to $12/tCO₂,due to the relatively lower abatement cost in China.Seventy-one percent of the EU’s and eighty-one percent of Australia’s domestic reduction burden would be transferred to China,increasing 0.03%of the EU’s and 0.06%of Australia’s welfare.The emission constraint improves the energy efficiency of China’s industry sector by 1.4%,reduces coal consumption by3.3%,and increases clean energy by 3.5%.     

被动加标在水生生态风险评价中的应用——以多氯联苯分配系数的测定为例

准确的水生生态风险评价需要可靠的毒性数据,而其获取要求在一定时间范围内,水体中污染物的浓度保持恒定。对疏水性有机污染物进行水体生物毒性测试时,通常采用有机溶剂加标,然而该方式可能因为污染物的挥发和降解、容器壁吸附、生物摄取等问题,水体中污染物浓度持续下降,导致污染物的浓度-效应关系难以明确。近期为了克服这些问题,被动加标用于替代溶剂加标,通过污染物在加标体系中平衡分配来维持精确和恒定的水体浓度,同时还可通过测定加标聚合物中污染物的浓度来监测水体浓度。首先介绍了被动加标方法及其材料选择,讨论了该方法在生态风险评价中的主要应用,包括分配系数的测定、体外细胞测试、体内生物积累及毒性测试,以及沉积物毒性评价等。然后,以测定代表污染物多氯联苯在聚二甲基硅氧烷与水间的分配系数为例,详细说明被动加标的操作流程。最后,讨论了被动加标方法的优缺点,并对其在水生生态风险中的应用前景进行了展望。     

用清洁生产的理念防治农业污染的初步探讨

农业发展面临的农业污染问题,已成为制约农业可持续发展的＂瓶颈＂.农业污染问题已经成为影响农村经济发展,以及农村社会和谐发展的重要因素之一.在论述农业清洁生产涵义的基础上,探讨了农业清洁生产防治农业污染问题.以新疆绿洲农业为例,论述了农业污染现状及发展农业清洁生产的必要性,分析探讨了发展农业清洁生产存在的问题和障碍,并提出了对策和建议.     

樊庆生红球菌菌剂制备优化及其重金属修复促进效果研究

目前,土壤重金属污染形势严峻,而微生物辅助植物修复的措施以其绿色友好的特性备受关注,其中,研发高效的微生物菌剂对提高修复效率至关重要.针对一种能代谢植物激素脱落酸（ABA）的微生物—樊庆生红球菌（Rhodococcus qingshengii）进行菌剂制备研究,并验证其对超积累植物东南景天提取重金属镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）和锌（Zn）能力的强化效果.结果表明,该菌种制备优化条件为：80%麦麸∶15%锯末∶5%活性炭;料水比1∶2、pH=9;接菌量40%;培养温度30℃、培养时间3 d、烘干温度40℃.优化后,固体菌剂有效活菌数可达2×10¹²CFU·g^-1,与土壤混合后其有效活菌数峰值达1×10¹¹CFU·g^-1,是接种相同活菌数液体菌剂的4倍,30 d保有的有效活菌数是液体菌剂的23倍.与未配施的空白相比,该菌剂配施于不同重金属污染土壤中,可使东南景天的Cd含量提高110%～260%,Ni和Zn含量分别提高约100%和90%;生物富集因子（BCF）则提高50%～500%,转运系数（TF）...     

长江三角洲跨界流域生态产品交易机制——以天目湖流域为例

生态价值多元化实现是落实区域一体化生态保护格局的经济政策保障。针对当前生态产品交易制度不完善与市场活跃度问题,以天目湖流域水质净化服务产品为例,提出一条生态保护市场化与生态产品增值的双向促进道路：基于长序列监测数据与水文水质过程模型,提出流域生态保护基准概念及其约束下生态产品交易边界,精准核算基准年水质净化产品的可交易量为1.37 t,基准价格为1186.71万元/t/年;面向近10年产品实际供需主体的内在联系,揭示了“三类五种”生态产品交易机制类型,并选择设计了低端产品退出—高端产品激励的典型交易模式。生态产品交易实施为研究区生态价值实现提供市场化路径,为国内同类地区一体化生态保护格局保障提供思路。     

Effects of artificially induced complete mixing on dissolved organic matter in a stratified source water reservoir

Naturally complete mixing promotes the spontaneous redistribution of dissolved oxygen(DO), representing an ideal state for maintaining good water quality, and conducive to the biomineralization of organic matter. Water lifting aerators(WLAs) can extend the periods of complete mixing and increase the initial mixing temperature. To evaluate the influence of artificial-induced continuously mixing on dissolved organic matter(DOM) removal performance, the variations of DOM concentrations, optical cha...     

Microwave-assisted continuous flow phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide composites and related visible light catalytic performance

The creation of an environmentally friendly synthesis method for silver nanomaterials (AgNPs) is an urgent concern for sustainable nanotechnology development. In the present study, a novel straightforward and green method for the preparation of silver nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide (AgNP/rGO) composites was successfully developed through the combination of phytosynthesis, continuous flow synthesis and microwave-assistance. Oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) extracts were used as both plant reducing and capping agents for fast online synthesis of AgNP/rGO composites. The experimental parameters were optimized and the morphologies of the prepared materials were investigated. The characterization results reveal that spherical AgNPs were quickly synthesized and uniformly dispersed on rGO sheets using the proposed online system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that phenols, flavonoids, and other substances in the plant extracts played a decisive role in the synthesis of AgNP/rGO composites. Using sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) degradation of p-nitrophenol (4-NP) as a model, the catalytic activity of the prepared AgNP/rGO materials was evaluated. The complete degradation of 4-NP was achieved within 12 min through the use of AgNP/rGO materials, and the composite had a much better catalytic activity than the bare AgNPs and rGO had. Compared with the conventional chemical method, our online method is facile, fast, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly.     

长江三角洲地表水环境污染规律及调控对策

根据野外实地考察和定点观测数据 ,结合历年环境监测资料 ,初步揭示了长江三角洲地表水环境污染的现状与近十年来的时空演变规律 :河网干流水质基本良好 ,中小河流污染突出 ;城市河流有机污染严重 ,普遍出现水体黑臭现象 ;湖泊氮磷含量逐年增高 ,水体富营养化加剧 ;市郊小城镇河网水质急剧恶化 ,已成为新的水环境污染中心。造成长江三角洲地表水环境污染的主要物源包括工业废水和生活污水、畜禽粪便、农田化肥、底泥等。针对上述污染规律和成因机制 ,提出了相应的调控对策。     

贮存寿命评价工具箱设计研究

作为装备贮存可靠性与贮存寿命评价的关键技术,加速寿命试验和加速退化试验已在工程中广泛应用,基于物理分析的贮存寿命特征检测技术也逐步在贮存寿命评价工程中开展。贮存寿命评价技术已有一套完整的理论基础并积累了大量的工程实践经验,但行业内至今仍缺少专门针对贮存寿命评价的软件工具。本文通过对贮存寿命评价工具箱的需求分析研究工作,构建了工具箱的技术框架,并给出工具箱各主要模块的业务流程图和业务概念图,为贮存寿命工具箱的开发提供了支撑。     

基于AMC加载的高增益60GHz天线

针对如何在不改变天线结构的前提下增大天线增益的问题,采用了AMC（人工磁导体）加载的方法。设计一款圆环缝隙AMC加载的天线,通过对AMC相位的改变来优化天线。设计的加载天线包括AMC和60GHz微带贴片天线,该加载天线拥有10GHz（55GHz-65GHz）的带宽和5.6dBi的增益;实验结果表明,相比没有加载之前的天线,加载天线拥有相同的带宽,其增益提高了2.9dBi。